My Career Essay -- Personal Narrative Careers Essays

My locomoteI do not know that allone chooses a race in purport. It seems that fate or certain outside great powers influences the decisions you make in life. These forces change your life from one life history to the next until you end up in your retirement years looking back on your life thought of the what ifs.I guess I run through to open the topic of my paper My Career with me in my teens because my life has turned direction several times since then. in the first place I had my heart set on a football career. I was sanely good at it playing both offensive and defensive positions. unfortunately the outside sources that changed my budding career involved a tractor on my Uncles parent one summer in my junior year. The tractor won and I muddled some movement in my knee for about three years. Needless to conjecture my career was over. A few years later I entered college and frame a desire to become an oceanographer. I have always lived near the pee and intere sted in the ocean, the life under it, and the secrets it holds. If I remember powerful the outside force that stop this career was my declare failure in pastime some strict study habits. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute inform me that they accepted lone(prenominal) 3.0 grade point average and above. An otherwise outside force at this time was the draft and the Viet Nam War. I ended up first appearance the dark blue and was sure that I had undercoat the career of my lifetime. I had finally found a career where I excelled. I was happy, enjoyed the professionalism, the freedom and authority that I possessed. This new career fit well with my character and what I wanted to do with my life. I trained people, helped them, watched them come and grow. What more could I ask for, the war machine had a certain form of excitement not shared by any other profession in the world. The places I traveled if duplicated would take a lifetime of trying, the experience, the honor of serving my country, all with an adequate wage scale. The outside forces that ended this career path in the Navy would fill a volume. To nutriment this long story in perspective and within the confines of this assignment, it is easier to conclude that the Navy became a job and not an adventure. Three crashes, a divorce, and plethora of other smaller forces led to the decision to retire prematurely from the military and return to my domicil in Syracuse, New York where my family was. ... ...od compensation package.The Readers Digest version of my careers in only a few pages. The final chapter is not written yet and is still to come. correct for it in your grocery stores. I enjoy helping people, training them to nominate their dreams and successes. However, there is a price for this knowledge. Paid to support my family in a life style that they feel is comfortable. I guess that as I have gotten older, my need for speed, excitement, and adventure as a driving force within m y career has been replaced. My outside driving force is my family, my need to help them survive. My career rewards themselves dog-tired on my familys education, marriages, and for my own retirement with my spouse. Am I happy with my own life and with the career paths I have been fortunate to see and succeed with? Yes Would I do anything differently? Yes If I did, would I be blessed with the married woman and children that I presently have? I do not know. I do know that my career has been my life, the people I have helped along the way. My stipend has been small, with the survival of my family. This fact I would not change for anything. Fate has been a mystical force in my life, and I thank it. My Career Essay -- own(prenominal) Narrative Careers EssaysMy CareerI do not know that anyone chooses a career in life. It seems that fate or certain outside forces influences the decisions you make in life. These forces change your life from one career to the ne xt until you end up in your retirement years looking back on your life thinking of the what ifs.I guess I have to open the topic of my paper My Career with me in my teens because my life has turned direction several times since then. Originally I had my heart set on a football career. I was fairly good at it playing both offensive and defensive positions. Unfortunately the outside sources that changed my budding career involved a tractor on my Uncles farm one summer in my junior year. The tractor won and I lost some movement in my knee for about three years. Needless to say my career was over. A few years later I entered college and found a desire to become an oceanographer. I have always lived near the water and interested in the ocean, the life under it, and the secrets it holds. If I remember correctly the outside force that ended this career was my own failure in following some strict study habits. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute informed me that they accepted only 3.0 grade point average and above. Another outside force at this time was the draft and the Viet Nam War. I ended up entering the Navy and was sure that I had found the career of my lifetime. I had finally found a career where I excelled. I was happy, enjoyed the professionalism, the freedom and authority that I possessed. This new career fit well with my character and what I wanted to do with my life. I trained people, helped them, watched them succeed and grow. What more could I ask for, the military had a certain form of excitement not shared by any other profession in the world. The places I traveled if duplicated would take a lifetime of trying, the experience, the honor of serving my country, all with an adequate wage scale. The outside forces that ended this career path in the Navy would fill a volume. To keep this long story in perspective and within the confines of this assignment, it is easier to conclude that the Navy became a job and not an adventure. Three crash es, a divorce, and plethora of other smaller forces led to the decision to retire prematurely from the military and return to my home in Syracuse, New York where my family was. ... ...od compensation package.The Readers Digest version of my careers in only a few pages. The final chapter is not written yet and is still to come. Check for it in your grocery stores. I enjoy helping people, training them to realize their dreams and successes. However, there is a price for this knowledge. Paid to support my family in a life style that they feel is comfortable. I guess that as I have gotten older, my need for speed, excitement, and adventure as a driving force within my career has been replaced. My outside driving force is my family, my need to help them survive. My career rewards themselves spent on my familys education, marriages, and for my own retirement with my spouse. Am I happy with my own life and with the career paths I have been fortunate to see and succeed with? Yes Would I do anything differently? Yes If I did, would I be blessed with the wife and children that I presently have? I do not know. I do know that my career has been my life, the people I have helped along the way. My payment has been small, with the survival of my family. This fact I would not change for anything. Fate has been a mystical force in my life, and I thank it.

Bioethics’s Hot Topic of Growth Hormones Essay -- Science Growth Hormo

Bioethicss Hot Topic of Growth HormonesIn the clause Does Shortness Need a Cure? Ronald Bailey, the author, indicates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of growth hormone use offers a treat ment plan for those who are short in stature. Bailey also acknowledges bioethics as a seriously debated topic in the medical field. Bioethics deals with the studies of moral issues in the fields of medical treatment and investigate (Caplan). Bailey touches on the topic of bioethics as it deals with the use of growth hormones, specifically Human Growth Hormone (HGH) for people who are distinguished by their short stature. FDA command and the Ethics Behind itIn July of this year, the FDA announced growth hormones, traditionally reserved for people with growth disorders, will be made available for use by children who are naturally short (Bailey). According to Bailey, pediatric endocrinologists are permitted to prescribe HGH for children whose predicted adult height is below 4 feet 11 inches for women and 5 feet 3 inches for men (Bailey). HGH is not a new drug it has been used for years and prescribed for those with growing disorders. The number of patients for whom the drug is prescribed is expected to increase because of the new FDA legal opinion. The FDA ruling states use of the drug is no longer just for those with growth disorders (Bailey).What is Normal?The perceived goal of children, or their parents, in Baileys article is to be of public height at adulthood but what is normal? The average height for American men is 59 and for women it is 54 (Bailey). According to Robert W. Steele, M.D., alterations in growth may be in the form of a growth slow down, accelerated growth, or disproportionate grow... .... 2002-2003 http//bioethics.net/beginners/introduction.phpHGHcompany.com. Human Growth Hormone. 5 November 2003. 2003 http//www.hghcompany.com/Human Growth Foundation. in the flesh(predicate) Testimony. 5 November 2003. 10 June 2003 http//www. hgfound.org/Testimony_sNDA.htmShort Persons Support. Children. 5 November 2003. 2002-2003 http//www.shortsupport.org/health/children/index.htmlShort Persons Support. Height Increase Arguments Against. 5 November 2003. 2002-2003 http//www.shortsupport.org/health/increase/arguements.htmlSteele, Robert. Growth charts Is your baby growing ordinarily? ParentsPlace.com 5 November 2003. 6 January 2002 http//www.parentsplace.com/babies/physicalSteele, Robert. Predicting how tall your child will be. ParentsPlace.com 5 November 2003. 24 April 2001 http//www.parentsplace.com/babies/physical

The Purpose of Education :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Teachers Essays

The Purpose of Education American youths attend learning between the ages of approximately six to eighteen years of age. Yet, in this required schooling, much atomic number 53 is at a loss to understand why schooling is necessary for twelve years of each of our lives. I believe there be three reasons why a rigorous twelve-year education plan is mandated in this country. Students moldinessiness developmentally be some their peer groups in their early youth, they must learn about how our society works, and must become educated enough in prepare to live in that society upon graduating. For those pursuing further education, K-12 schooling also helps students to find a desired subject argona for them to preserve and/or enhance our societys growth and well-being. First, we find that the ages between six and eighteen are those when human behavioral skills exceed any other time in our lives. Before the age of six, young children are learning to speak and use canonic motor skills. It is approximately at the age when we begin schooling that children are learning social behaviors. These behaviors include interacting with other children, communicating, and adapting to schedules that do not revolve around the childs own needs. Young children learn to abide by structured hours instead of basing their actions on what they want and need. This basic form of teaching children to begin to grow up is why education begins at the age that it does. Once we learn the basic behavioral skills and understanding that the world does not revolve around oneself, schooling is pregnant for another reason. This reason is comprised of the actual content being taught. We must learn about our own society and the world in which we live in order to one day become an active part in them and be educated on what needs to be done to create positive changes. Students must learn their own language, other languages, mathematics, history, and sciences, so they understand what t he world around them looks like and how it is changing. Toward the end of the later years of education, students often have options of taking legitimate high school classes to correlate with their interests. However, the primary goal is to educate all students thoroughly and not to concentrate on too much of any one subject.

Philosophy :: social issues

PhilosophyTheories of Connectivity paints a picture of our tomorrow. It names some of the advancements that we take a crap made in expert areas. Everyday computer companies and universities are devising ways to insert computer systems into every facet of our lives. They have made GPS systems for our cars, typewriter ribbon pilots for easy Internet access, and digital jewelery for easy communication and information storage. We are in an age of network. The average American house already contains more than 40 computers. Last year alone, eight billion new microprocessors came into the world. Gleick traces our path of the present and future of technology. He simply lays out our undeniable urge to invent. When we were children, we played with our toys and love to explore. Now that child-like motivation has evolved to a greater maturity, and toys are becoming our future. These devices may be complex, but it seems that the goal of electronic companies is to shrink the product in ready t o make it simpler to handle. Our technology, pervasive computing, seems to be taking over our world today. It seems that we are trying to eliminate human notion and, replace it with computers made by restrain human minds. I will focus on Heideggers, Habermas, and Marcuses philosophy and their response to todays technology. Each philosopher has their own philosophy on technological advancements. They do not have the advantage of witnessing some of these new advancements and innovations, but their writing will shed some light on their thoughts. Heidegger believes that technology could be our greatest danger. It has caused such problems as ecological destruction, nuclear danger, and consumerism, and it is using technology to solve these problems, which is even worse. Our society seems to be taking away ration thought and diving deeper into technology to fix our problems. Heidegger will present a possible solution called the saving power. Habermas asks the question, How is it possible to translate technically exploitable knowledge into the practical sentience of a social life-world? He explains where technology should evolve and the power that it holds. He sees technology as a whole new way of life, but it must(prenominal) be applied to the life-world. He will present the knowledge constitutive interest theory, which will better describe his stance on modern technology. Marcuse follows a thinking that the machine, industry, becomes the center of society. He is an instrumentalist, a view in which technology is neutral and it adds nothing to the ends it serves.

TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Essay -- Television Media Pa

TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Todays children are unique in many shipway from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements. In 1997, the nations estimated 34 one thousand million children age 12 and under will have spent or influenced spending of a record $500 billion (Horovitz 1997). There is obviously a great superintend of interest in this subject, many books have been written, and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising on children. In the following paragraphs we will control at some of the reasons why we advertise to children, some different positive and negative effects of TV advertisement on children, how people can deoxidize through the hype of TV ads and pick good things for their children. Why Do We Advertise to Children? Today, eitherwhere we go we see some type of advertising. A bargain at the supermarket or a billboard for a radio station, are two of the many for ms of advertisement. Currently, advertisements that target children are very controversial.Marketers choose children because they can considerably lure them in. Advertisers spent $105.97 billion in 1980. This number more than doubled in 2001 when it reached $230 billion (Laws, 2003). In the year 2000, the Census reported 105 million househ0olds in America, meaning advertisers spend an average of $2,190 on one household per year. Advertisers spend this much money because of television. The average child sees an estimate of more than 20,000 commercials every year - that works out to at least 55 commercials per day (Laws, 2003). Children will insist their parents purchase what they see or hear on television. In the 1960s, children had an influence on about $5 billion of their par... ...ront Outlook is Grim. Advertising Age 72. 11 (2001) 3 McDonald, Marci and Lavelle, Marianne. Call it Kid-fluence. U.S. News & World Report 131. 4 (2001) 32 Pine, Karen J and Nash, Avril. Dear Santa T he Effects of Television Advertising on Young Children. International Journal of Behavioral Development 26. 6 (2002) 529 The American hereditary pattern College Dictionary. Boston American Heritage, 2002 NYBOR,LLC (1996-2002) Available onlinehttp//www.robynsnest.com/toysafety.htm. McNeal, James (2001). Quoted in McDonald M, Lavelle M. Call it kid-fluence. U.s. News & World Report, July 30, 2001, p.32.Strasburger, Victor C. (2001, June). Children and TV advertising Nowhere to run, nowhere to hide. Journal of developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 22, 185. Education Digest (2000, January). Junk-food marketing goes elementary. p, 32.

TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Essay -- Television Media Pa

TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Todays children are unique in some ways from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements. In 1997, the nations estimated 34 million children age 12 and under will discombobulate spent or influenced set downing of a record $500 one thousand thousand (Horovitz 1997). There is obviously a great deal of interest in this subject, many books have been written, and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising on children. In the following paragraphs we will look at some of the reasons wherefore we advertise to children, some different positive and negative effects of TV advertisement on children, how people can cut through the hype of TV ads and pick good things for their children. Why Do We Advertise to Children? Today, everywhere we go we see some type of advertising. A sale at the supermarket or a billboard for a radio station, are two of the many forms o f advertisement. Currently, advertisements that target children are very controversial.Marketers choose children because they can easily lure them in. Advertisers spent $105.97 billion in 1980. This number more than doubled in 2001 when it reached $230 billion (Laws, 2003). In the year 2000, the Census reported 105 million househ0olds in America, meaning advertisers spend an average of $2,190 on one household per year. Advertisers spend this much money because of television. The average child sees an estimate of more than 20,000 commercials every year - that works unwrap to at least 55 commercials per day (Laws, 2003). Children will insist their parents purchase what they see or hear on television. In the 1960s, children had an influence on or so $5 billion of their par... ...ront Outlook is Grim. Advertising Age 72. 11 (2001) 3 McDonald, Marci and Lavelle, Marianne. Call it Kid-fluence. U.S. News & World Report 131. 4 (2001) 32 Pine, Karen J and Nash, Avril. respectable Santa The Effects of Television Advertising on Young Children. International Journal of Behavioral Development 26. 6 (2002) 529 The American Heritage College Dictionary. Boston American Heritage, 2002 NYBOR,LLC (1996-2002) obtainable onlinehttp//www.robynsnest.com/toysafety.htm. McNeal, James (2001). Quoted in McDonald M, Lavelle M. Call it kid-fluence. U.s. News & World Report, July 30, 2001, p.32.Strasburger, Victor C. (2001, June). Children and TV advertising Nowhere to run, nowhere to hide. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 22, 185. Education tin (2000, January). Junk-food marketing goes elementary. p, 32.

Native Americans in California Missions Essay

Spanish wanted to colonize some of America, just like the Europeans. Building apparitional base Missions all throughout calcium was a way for them to maintain ultimate social, political, and economic overtop. Spanish explorers arrived on the border of California during the 16th century. The precise depression Franciscan mission was built in San Diego during 1769. By 1833, twenty two Spanish Missions existed from Southern California to Northern California. Native Americans made up nigh one-third of those who lived and escapeed at the Missions.There were an estimated 310,000 Indians living in California during the 16th century. The Spanish provided the Native Americans with the necessities such as fodder, clothing, and shelter. Although the California Missions had the right intentions of providing for the Native Americans, the Spanish acted in an inhumane and unfair way. Junipero Serra arrived in San Diego in 1768 and lead a group of Franciscans to find property and more import antly, lenders. He welcomed the Native Americans with open weapons and open doors.In a primary document written by Junipero Serra himself, he admitted that he utilize the Native Americans solely for work. However, he said that providing them with food and shelter compensates for their hard work. So if families other than Indian come from there, it will serve the aforementioned(prenominal) purpose rattling wellthat is, if we can provide for them(Serra). Serras defenders state that he respected the Natives culture. However, his criticizers argue that he used force to urge the Native Americans to live at the Missions against their will.Although the Natives did not agree with Serras beliefs and actions, they were very respectful for the most part. For those who did not respect Serra received physical punishment with whips, chains, and stocks to enforce religious obedience (Serra). Junipero Serra was a great leader who made received the California Missions were in order. The Califo rnia Mission had worthy intentions and plans for the Native Americans. The Spanish welcomed them into their homes and provided them with the essentials such as food, clothing, and shelter.However, living at the Missions had its consequences. The Native Americans were squeeze to change their completed lifestyles from their beliefs, their daily routines, to the way they dressed and what they ate. Although anthropologists conducted that some Native Americans enjoyed their new lives, more than eighty percent refused to convert their ways of life (Sandos, 13). For thousands of years, the Natives were accustomed with their own lifestyle and beliefs, and all of a sudden, everything was stripped outside(a) from them. Even their personal identity was taken away from them.The Franciscans provided each individual with Spanish names which were to be used instead of their native birth names. The missions were not agents of intentional enslavement, but rather rapid and therefore violent soci al and cultural change (Archibald, 24). The Native Americans end up becoming tax pay citizens along with being under Spanish wing twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The Franciscans had very different beliefs and traditions from the Native Americans. The Native Americans were forced to convert their religion to Roman Catholics.The Native Americans were more of a spiritual group rather than a religious group. Instead of believing in personified figures, such as Jesus, they believed spirits lie within their nature. Native Americans feed their energy off of nature. They believed that they are protected by the Mother Nature that surrounded them. The Spanish used religion to explain their actions, which made it okay for them to convert the Native Americans beliefs because they were backed up by their god (California). Every person living and working at the Mission had to be officially baptized as a rite of passage.On Sundays and holidays everyone was obligated to go to church and worship. The Natives were forced to memorize Catholic rituals, songs, and scriptures. Prayer lasted four hours on Sundays and feast days. On a regular basis on typical days, prayer lasted two hours. Catholicism was a huge part of living at the Missions. The Missions were surrounded by Spanish soldiers so everyone was watched very closely. at one time the Native Americans accepted the Spanish lifestyle, it was nearly unrealizable to escape. It was as if they were held against their own will. A few sources compare the treatment of Native Americans to slavery (Archibald, 48).Slavery is define as an economic exploitation that benefits only the slave-owner. In the California Missions, the Native Americans worked solely to provide and maintain a certain lifestyle for the Spanish. Besides nominal food and shelter, the Native Americas natural human rights were stripped from them. Native America women made clothing, prepared meals, cleaned the rooms, and whatever domestic chores needed to be through with(p) at the Mission. Native American mothers even had to care for Spanish children instead of focusing on their own (Mission). The Native American men had to prevail for food and build new Missions.In addition, they learned carpentry, leatherworkers, smiths, and farm work. The Franciscans controlled their days into a rigorous schedule announced by church bells (Archibald, 104). If the workers were not done with their tasks by the chimes of the church bells, they would suffer major consequences. The Franciscans did not view their actions as imprisonment because they believed that the providence of food and shelter compensates for Natives hard work. In reality, the Missions were not a place to live a life of ease nor was it a place to acquire personal fortune and prosperity.The Native Americans were not worked to death like the slaves in southern United States at this time. However, the strict regulation, cruel and unusual punishments and forced new traditions are e xtremely inhumane acts. According to Julio Cesar, When I was a boy the treatment given to the Indians at the Mission was not good at all. We were at the mercy of the administrator, who ordered us to be flogged whenever and however he took printing (Mission). Every Mission had two priests. One priests duties were to preach and teach most religion.The other priests duties were strictly on the work field. He instructed and gave the Native Americans and other workers their duties. The lifestyle in the California Missions was set in a very rigorous schedule so it was nearly impossible for the Native Americans to take a break or escape the hardship. The Natives resisted colonization after just a short time living and working at the Missions. There were a few deadly rebellions conducted by the Native Americans. They destroyed Mission property and even threatened to kill priests. The most infamous clap occurred in San Diego.On November 4, 1775, hundreds of men completely destroyed the C uiamac Rancheria Mission of San Diego. The men also killed three Hispanics, including the Father, Padre Jaime (Sandos, 92). In addition, in 1824, another great Indian rebellion in California occurred at the Missions of Barbara. A large part of the Mission building was wrecked by a large fire. On the same day, hundreds of Native Americans attacked the Spanish defenders and soldiers. Leaders of the rebellion were severely punished. Seven were executed and the others were imprisoned or postulate to do even crueler labor.The Natives revolted because of their poor treatment and forced labor enforced by the soldiers and Fathers (Sandos, 73). These rebellions were among the many others throughout the 16th century in the California missions. This proves that the Native Americans were furious about getting different beliefs and work forced onto them. The Spanish settlers caused a lot of health problems to flourish all throughout California. Soon after the arrival of Spanish colonists, disea ses spread from Southern California to Northern California so Native American fatalities heightened.Highly infectious diseases such as smallpox, measles, and syphilis killed thousands of Native Americans, especially children, so the Indian tribe dropped drastically (Sandos, 64). About sixty percent of the Mission Native Americans death was due to introduced diseases. In just a few decades, the Native American universe in California decreased from 310,000 to about 100,000. Since the California Missions held many residences, people lived in such confined spaces which caused contagious diseases to spread rapidly.In order to economise the population at a steady rate for enough workers, Mission leaders separated Native American children from their parents to maintain the childrens health to exempt them to work at the Missions as they got older (California). The Natives were furious that their families were being separate. Mothers were not there to care for their children, so the Nativ e children were on their own. There was a miss of physicians to care for the ill so not everyone could be helped. Diseases were not the only reason why the Native population dropped drastically.They went through rigorous changes in food so their bodies were not used to the food they were eating. In addition, malnutrition caused toxins in their bodies. In addition, the intense demanding manual labor is a factor that contributed to their inability to overcome the sickness. finis rates were higher than birth rates so the Mission had to keep recruiting different tribes all throughout California (Mission). By 1834, there were only about 15,000 Native American residents in the twenty two Missions. The Spanish were only in contact with the Native Americans for personal gain.The Franciscans maintained total economic, social, and political control all throughout California. Very few Native Americans chose to stay at the Missions voluntarily. During their time at the Missions, they had to conduct harsh labor and all of their rights were taken away from them. Although they provided the Native Americans with food, shelter, and clothing, the Franciscans treated them like slaves. The Spanishs involvement backfired since a majority of Native Americans died due to illness, making them nearly extinct. The physical and metal demands required were a major strain on the Native Americans.

Assess critically the contribution Essay

Taylorism is a form of reflect design, which stresses short, repetitive fiddle cycles detailed, set task grades a dissolution of task conception from task execution and motivation linked to pay. Taylor argued that the principal objective of management should be to secure the ut margeost prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for tout ensemble(prenominal) employee (1911).Fredrick Taylors five principles of scientific management 1. A clear division of tasks and responsibilities between management and liveers. 2. Use of scientific methods to determine the topper way of doing a job. 3. scientific selection of the person to do the newly designed job. 4. The training of the selected worker to perform the job in the way specified. 5. oversight of workers through the use of hierarchies of authority and close supervision. Taylor proposed this by measuring what workers did against the time taken, to develop wiz best way of working(a) (1911). By using numer ic methods a workers output could be accu grazely measured.At the time of its inception Taylor set up that firms who introduced scientific management as he prescribed became the worlds most meticulously organised factories (Nelson, 1980). Managers are responsible for identifying the best cost efficient work practices and training workers to require exaltedly productive and affective in their special work task. Taylor argued that it stands to reason that an employee becomes more productive when working at their speciality and concluded with stating that there are more benefits gained for both employees and employers from dividing workers. With linking pay to each task performed, Managers lav thus control the workforce and output and consistently procure desired goals. The piece rate pay arrangementpays workers in parallel to number of items each worker has produced, hence in like manner providing employees with an incentive to work.Henry Fords theory (Fordism) referring to ma ss production in industry (Marcouse, 1996) united the idea of conference line and Taylors theory of division of labour and payment. Fordism focused on dividing jobs into unskilled and semi-skilled tasks. Whilst managers at Ford vehemently opposed any relation to Taylorism, it quarter be said that Fordism retained the faults of Taylorism of an autocratic work environment with little room for creativity as well as the benefits of the piece rate system relying on financial motivation.Criticisms of Taylorism1.Assumed that the motivation of the employee was to secure the maximum earnings for the effort expended and neglected the splendor of other rewards from work (achievement, job satisfaction, intuition), which later look into has found to be important. 2. Neglected the subjective side of work-the personal and interactional aspects of performance, the nub that employees give to work and the signifi providece to them of their kind relationship at work. 3. Failed to appreciate the meaning that workers would put on new procedures ad their reaction to being timed and closely supervised. 4. Had inadequate understanding of the relation of the respective(prenominal) incentive to interaction with, and colony on, the immediate work group. Taylor did attribute underworking to group pressures, but misunders tood the way in which these worked. He failed to see that these might just as easily notice production and morale up. 5. Ignored the psychological needs and capabilities of workers. The one best way of doing a job was chosen with the mechanistic criteria of speed and output. The imposition of a uniform manner of work can both destroy individuality and cause other psychological disturbances. 6. Had too simple approach to the question of productivity and morale. It sought to keep both of these up exclusively by economic rewards and punishments. Incentive approaches under the scientific approach tended to focus on the worker as an individual and ignored their soc ial context. Pay system may pass in a worker valuing quantity over quality. 7. Functional foremanship was deemed to be toocomplex and an unwieldy mode of supervision. (Huczynski, 2013)Ways to alleviate the negative effects of Taylorism especially to worker motivation and performance and find new ways to job designs came about following the introduction of the American psychologists Fredrick Hertzberg two factor theory of motivation. Hertzberg had the idea that there were two sets of factors that affected motivation and job characteristicsMotivators These factors refer to the finis to which a job offers opportunities for achievement, creativity, debt instrument, opportunities for personal growth. These are intrinsic to the job itself.Hygiene factors These comprise issue as the nature of supervision and supervisory style, the level of pay, working conditions, and interpersonal relations. These are extrinsic to the job.For Hertzberg it was only the motivator factors that run throug h the potential to generate satisfaction and motivation. If hygienics factors are improved, they do not result in improved motivation, but if removed, will result in demotivation.To raise levels of motivation and therefore performance, following Hertzberg theory of motivation, companies needed to ensure that the hygiene factors were in place, and to likewise ensure that the motivator factors (i.e intrinsic motivators) were incorporated into the jobs. In activateicular, jobs needed to be designed in such a way that workers could be given opportunities for achievement, responsibility and personal growth.Criticisms of Hertzberg two-factor theoryCan job characteristics fall neatly into two categories of motivators and hygiene factors? Can a job characteristic be both? (Example can pay be a motivator as well as a hygiene factor-?)Blunt and Jones (1992) They point out that some studies from Nigeria strike indicated that hygiene factors, in particular pay, supervision and workingcondit ions, acted as motivators. Machungwa and Schmidt (1983) reported on a study conducted in Zambia and found that material rewards and the physical conditions of work appeared to have both motivating and demotivating effects. This was interpreted by Blunt and Jones in the following way if material rewards were inadequate they were demotivating, but they acted as motivators if they were perceived as reasonable. This appears to in a flash contradict Hertzbergs theory, but Blunt and Jones consider that this is only likely to be the case in less developed countries, as Hertzberg (1987) himself appears overly to argue. However, one study does not refute a theory. Hertzberg did his original work on qualified professionals, such as engineers, whereas the people surveyed in the study above were manual(a) workers. This in itself might be enough to account for the difference. In general, we can expect professional or managerial workers everywhere to be more in and of itself motivated than ma nual workers given the different nature of the work that the two groups undertake, but as we shall see the way work is organized may cut through for such differences in the relative interest value of different types of workThe theory is regarded as a Universalistic theory that it will impact all individuals in the same way in all work situations. It does not take into consideration that some people may not have a desire for personal growth, and are therefore unlikely to be motivated by job enrichment initiatives that give them higher levels of autonomy and responsibility.Hertzberg theory was superseded by Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham the byplay Characteristics Model which argued in a similar respect to Hertzberg theory, that if jobs are enriched this will lead to improvements in attitudinal outcomes ( emergenced satisfaction and motivation) and improvements in behavioral outcomes (higher productivity and lower order of absenteeism).Three censorious psychological statesHackma n and Oldham argued that jobs should be designed in such a way that they are focused on the achievement of three critical psychological states Workers must experience work as being personally meaningful-something thatthey care about. Workers must experience personal responsibility for their work- accountability for their work. Workers must come if their work performance is effective-they must have knowledge of the results of their work activities. If these 3 critical psychological states are achieved, higher levels of satisfaction, motivation and performance will result from the worker.However this theory too has had its criticisms.Current literature now argues the importance and focus on team working, however one should acknowledge that the interest in team working is not something that is new to current times. Autonomous and semi-autonomous work groups were central to earlier theories of the 1960s and 1970s. Team working has now re-emerged as part of the lean production & flexibl e working debates.An American Theorist, Harry Bravemen thesis known as the Bravemen thesis argues to counter the popular view in social science and management literature that Taylorism has been superseded by human relations and other more sophisticated approaches that there is in fact a tendency for workers and their jobs to become de-skilled through fragmentation, rationalisation and mechanisation. This argument of deskilling workers and jobs was continued in the context where it became known as McDonalization a term that came about after the publication of a obligate by Georg Ritz.McDonalisation is a form of work design aimed at achieving strength, calculability, predictability and control through non-human technology, to enhance organisational objectives by limiting employee discretion and creativity.He used the term to refer to the goes used at the growing number of fast food restaurants dominating the American market.McDonalds is a modern example of the Taylorised way of wor k. The tasks are de-skilled and simplify for an employee at McDonalds and limited by thesophisticated technology of fast food preparation. Hamburger grilling instructions are detailed and precise, cooking times and the sequence of events dictated to make a burger. Drinks dispensers, French fry machines, programmed cash registers all limit the amount of time required to carry out a specific task and leave little room for the employee to do as they wish, little room for creativity or innovation to processes. This way of working ensures the aims of the organisation to achieve greatest efficiency, calculability, predictability and control all of the key elements described by the Ritzers Mcdonalization.Regardless of the fact that the de-skilling may lead to de-motivated employees, which may result in high absenteeism and high staff turn over its ability to integrate new workers into the production processes and dismiss employees without losing knowledge form the organization allows the impersonate to tranquil be successful. Taylorism can also be illustrated in modern day beef centres. A case study on a customer service call centre run by two British Companies, Martin Beirne, Kathleen Riach and Fiona Wilson found strong continuities with Taylorism, in relation to work design and operation. They found the work to be pressurized and highly paced with managements focus on productivity and cost minimisation. Most of the jobs were narrowly defined and closely monitored. The time duration of each call taken the content of the colloquy with each customer and the advise also given to the customer was prescribed (from Beirne et al 2004).But modern day illustrations of Taylorism dont end there. It is also seen in relation to scientific selection & training. Weve now moved away from an industrial economy towards a knowledge ground economy where an organisations matched success depends on its talent. Much effort is devoted by present-day(a) organisations to select and re cruit the right person for a role. Taylorism also placed importance and the introduction of scientific selection criteria by management to do a particular task. In line with his emphasis on scientific approach to selection, Taylor advocates scientific training as he argues that it is only when business systematically cooperate to train the competent manthat it shall be on the road to national efficiency. (Taylor, 1911 p 98). In the context of the knowledgeeconomy, organisations are generally encouraged to develop employees skills and knowledge.Now one of the very first requirements of man who is to handle papal bull iron as a regular occupation is that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make-up the ox than any other type. The man who is mentally alert and intelligent is for this very reason entirely unsuited to what would, for him, be the friction monotony of work to this character. Therefore the work man who is best suited to handl ing pig iron is unable to understand the real science of doing this class of work. (Taylor 1911/1997 pg 59)The task is always so regulated that the man who is well suited to his job will thrive while working at this rate during a long term of years and grow happier and more prosperous, instead of being overworked. (Taylor 1911)Thus scientific management matched the worker to the job and in the process separated the conceptualization of work from its execution. It also provided safeguards against personal bias and individual favoritism, which is something that can still be applied to the current context of contemporary organisations.Taylorism is also found in the Saudi Educational system, for example metaphorically describing students as the raw material of schools controlling the movement of teachers & students through class bells conceiving of the curriculum as a product dividing students into grades or dividing curriculum into units and individual lessons describing the school fa cilities as a plant are a result of a factory model schooling that has its roots in the adoption of scientific management principles by educational administrators.Contemporary schools in Saudi are still largely influenced with its statement and learning deeply rooted in scientific management as seen with the following1. Schools are large and bureaucratized.2. Students change teachers every year.3. Teachers plan and teach alone.4. computer programme is fragmented.5. Tracking students by ability levels.6. Deskilling of teachers through alignment of teaching mandated curriculum and standardized tests.7. Emphasis on monitoring /surveillance & bureaucratic activity- pen curriculum and scripted tests.Taylorism does not permit autonomy in work. Input by production workers in the organisation, planning, and direction of the manufacturing process was not allowed, requiring workers to do exactly what they were told to do and no more. This authoritarian approach to work can been illustrated in the schooling That students are excluded from the planning, organisation and direction of the educational process. De-skilling of the teachers as their work is conceptualised by others (Ministry of Education who agrees the standard curriculum to be used in schools) and enforced by the bureaucratic outcome of accountability systems implemented in schools. The other way that Taylorism continues to influence the education system is through the use of individual rewards for individual effort (example the focus on a students individual test results). Taylor developed wage-incentive schemes accenting piecework and historically assembly line foremen attempted to stop any sort of worker interaction.Elton Mayo who introduced humankind Relations theory based on his research at the Hawthorne electrical factory was to see how productivity will improve if the lighting condition changes and he followed Taylors scientific principles by testing the changes against a control, with part of the fa ctory lighting being unchanged, (Kelly 1982). This lead him to conduct further experiments which vast doubts on Taylors assumptions about the importance of money in motivation (Marcouse, 1996). agree to Huczynski and Buchan, the conclusions which can be drawn from Hawthorne studies are 1. People at work are motivated by more than just pay and conditions. 2. Their need for recognition and sense of belonging are very important. 3. A persons attitude to work is shaped strongly by the group in which that individualbelongs within the company. 4. The ability of the informal group or clique to motivate an individual at work should not be underestimated. (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991).Another contributor to the Human Relations approach is Abraham Harold Maslow, an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslows hierarchy of needs. They range from physical & social to psychological needs.Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfilment and change through personal growth. Self-actualized people as those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of.The Human Relations models have changed management and how workers are in fact valuable employees and stakeholders of an organisation.The key difference between scientific management and the human relations model is highlighted when analysing the motivational techniques to increase productivity. Scientific management emphasises the use of financial measures in order to secure employers objectives whereas the human relations model argues that management should acquire the insight into the skills that will set up social factors in order to harness their employees social needs to managerial ends (Fincham & Rhodes, 1999).Thus, behavioural science motivation theories in combination with the humanistic theories of management, have added to Taylors principles and allowed for contemporary organizations to succeed where scientific management alone failed.Taylorism was an inf luential management theory of the late nineteenth century. Despite its relevance to its time the influence can still be seen in todays twenty first century educational institutes, service sector and the manufacturing industries.Though there are limitations to his method, this principle has a considerable well-grounded and lasting influence to all contemporary organizations because ofTaylors assimilation with the efficient use of resources. This philosophy can almost apply to every organization, despite its work structure, such as structures of team working or job enrichment one of the ultimate goals should be improve efficiency.As Braverman says, the principle of scientific management is not a failed system, but a set of guiding principles which continue to inform and influence the role and function of modern management. Some of the methods he advocates, such as division of labour, scientific selection and training, have become the features of modern society. More primarily, as ef ficiency is one of the enduring needs of all organizations, his preoccupation with the efficient use of resources thus becomes the driving force behind the evolution of subsequent management theories and the root of management practice.ReferencesHuczynski, A. and Buchanan, D Organisational Behaviour. Eighth Edition. Pearson 2013.Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D.,1991. Organizational behaviour An Introductory Text. Second edition. London Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd.Hertzberg,F., B.Mausner and B.Snyderman The motivation to work (New york Wiley 1959).Taylor F.W (1997) The principles of scientific management. Mincola, NY (original work published 1911).Braverman, H (1974) Labour and Monoploy capital The abasement of work in the twentieth century. New York Monthly review press.Kelly, John. (1982), Scientific Management, Job Redesign, & Work Performance. Academic Press. Marcouse, I. et al. (1996), The Complete A-Z Business Studies Handbook, Hodder & Stoughton. Ritzer, George. (2000) The McDonaldization Of Society. Sage Publications Inc. Taylor, Frederick W(1911) The Principles of Scientific Management, Harper Bros.Fincham, R & Rhodes, P (1999) Priniciples of Organisational Behaviours, Oxford Univeristy Press.Nelson, David (1980) Frederick W Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management, The University of Wisconsin Press.Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96.Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York Harper and Row.

Importance of Teachers Essay

A REFLECTION ON THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHERS INVOLVEMENT IN CURRICULUM PLANNINGRecent studies in the United States shown that curriculum implementation can only be successful if teachers and communities are bear on in the development and implementation of curriculum and structural changes.(Arend Carl, 2005) While addressing the need of the learners which is the primary concern of the curriculum, teachers should be one of the principal role-players in the process of addressing these challenges.The top dog is Are they allowed to participate in the process, and if they do participate, what is the nature of their involvement? Within the context of the curriculum changes in education cited in the text, stringent demands are macrocosm made on teachers. This process of continuous change has not yet stabilized however and therefore it is imperative that there should be dialogue well-nigh what is expected of teachers when it is suggested that they should be more involved in curriculum develo pment.More often, teachers, especially in the public school system in our hoidenish indicated that they, for the most part excluded from participation in curriculum development at curriculum levels outside the classroom. Their perception was that, although they were the subject and/or learning area specialists, shortsighted attention, if any, was given to their voice they were only involved in the implementation of the new curriculum. And this is also what is indicated in the context of the situation in the story that was presented the previous meeting. This has created the event that teachers operate solely within the context of the school and the classroom, making this seem the only place where they can make a contribution to the curriculum.Contributions from the teachers are rarely acknowledged just like in the situation cited, so that, a perception often held by teachers is that the curriculum is developed elsewhere so that they obviously need some guidance for the

Young Adulthood

OT121 carg peerlessrspan instruction and commercial enterprise II University of the Philippines Manila College of Allied Medical Professions surgical incision of occupational Therapy Block 21 telephone lineal Therapy SS 2012 2013 tiddlerly Adulthood Ms. Faith Deanne Mari B. Caube 16 January 2013 YOUNG ADULTHOOD ? ?Age Range 20 40 hop on old Difference of education o Changes overdue more to personal, social, cultural events rather than chronological or biological changes o H eachmark of maturity conciliate and change in accordance to new conditions o More gradual changes does not fit neatly into a st while development speculation o The primary meaning of adult is social (Rice, 1995). ? Changes be attri ex performlyed to social factors and human alliances o Marked by culturally defined milestones, and by subprograms and relationships that argon part of cycles of family and career (Craig, 1996) ? The relationships that you will build during this stage are relativ ely permanent. The Age Clock ? Used to define or judge appearances, expectations, and pressures of adulthood ? Mformer(a)hood ? Physically- dependent jobs ? They whitethorn consider themselves old beca fade they are no longer fit to do previous easy tasks. Definitions of Age o Biological age career hope o Psychological age adaptation to environmental demands o Social age in comparison to cultural norms Maturity o Needs a certain social and biological factors o More dependent on psychological factors ? Physical and social independence and autonomy ? Independent decision reservation ? Stability ? Wisdom ? Reliability ?Integrity ? Compassion o Maturity is the psychological ability to work and to love (Freud). PHYSICAL CHANGES ? Physical stipulation o Peak of vitality, health, strength, energy, and endurance ? 25 stratums old is the prime in terms of strength. All motor systems are at salad days during this age. ? Dispatch the teen to do battle. OT 121 Lifespan Developmen t and Occupation II Young Adulthood ? ? ? Peak of sensorimotor skills ? 25 30 aggrandisement of physical conditioning, strength, motor skills, harmonium functioning ? 20 -40 peak of visual acuity ? 20 -45 peak of taste, smell, temperature, and injure sensation ?Gradual hearing loss (more apparent after 25 particularly with high pitched sounds) o Most physical decline occurs after 30s (10% loss until 60s) Fitness and health o Generally healthy age period o Health patterns established in young adulthood are generally resistant to change ? Adolescence is a storming period of change but when one enters young adulthood, it is expected that one? s biological systems are already stabilized. Common Illnesses due to occupational hazards o Chronic back pain by overworking selves and the effect of stress o Respiratory illnesses o Premenstrual syndrome o Sexually transmitted diseases ?Highest among young adults and adolescence ? Due to poverty, drug use and risky familiar activity o HIV 40 million the great unwashed infected worldwide, 95% from developing world ? Males broaden cause of stopping point ? Females 4th cause of death Common Causes of Death o 3 causes that account for 72% in the early 20s and 51% among 25 34 year olds ? Accidents ? Homicide ? Suicide o AIDS single leading cause of death in males aged 25-44 o YA has the lowest death rate among adult groups However, in the entire adult lifespan, young adults involve the lowest death rate. oMORBIDITY o Defined as the occurrence of illness o Symptoms often appear in YA ? Genetically-determined diseases (diabetes, sickle cell anemia) (hypertension, ulcers, ? Stress-linked depression) Page 1 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON ? Factors Linked to Health Status o Genetic factors ? However, if purely genetics, it should be seen early (right after birth) ? Multi-factorial diseases (genetics and environmental) ? Diabetes ? Atherosclerosis (narrowing of vessels due to fat planks) ? Obesity ? Cancer health cond itions ? Mental predisposed to come out during YA such as schizophrenia o Health threatening behaviors ? feeding and cholesterol ? You are what you eat ? Carotenoid-rich diet lesser chance of heart disease ? Plant-based diet reduction of cancer risk ? High-fat diet ? Colon and prostate cancer ? Increased cardiovascular risks ? Obesity ? Measured using body mass index 2 ? BMI Kg/m If BMI 25, overweight If BMI30, obese ? World-wide pandemic (WHO, 2001) ? Why? Fast food culture Labor saving technology Genetic tendency leptin response insufficiency Leptin tells the brain that one is already rise Some clinically obese may not respond to leptin anymore ?May lead to mad problems and other diseases ? Physical activity ? Sedentary life-style is one of worlds 10 leading causes of death and disability ? Smoking ? Leading preventable cause of death in US ? Smoking and cancer ? alcohol ? College is prime cadence and place for drinking (Papalia, et al. , 2004) cause poor academic ? Can process ? Can increase other risks for other diseases ? Alcohol in moderation can decrease the risk of heart diseases in the long run (i. e. red wine). ? Drug use ? Peak at 18 to 20 years old ?Decreases as adults increase in maturity, settle down and take responsibility o Marijuana and cocaine use can lead to shop loss, attention deficits, cognitive deficits, and in several(prenominal) cases death Indirect influences on health status ? Socioeconomic status ? Income ? Education ? Higher socio-economic status and education generally lead to less moving picture to health hazards ? Gender ? family relationship ? Social ties ? unrestrained support ? Marriage ? Strong social environment leads to less risks in psychological illnesses. ? ? ?Healthy Habits o Sleeping regularly for 7-8 hours each night o Eating regular meals o Not snacking o Eating and exercising moderately o Not smoking o Drinking in moderation Preventive Measures o Regular screening sort o Self examination o Prop er body mechanics o Ergonomics SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL CHANGES ? Theories on Social and Emotional Issues of Young Adults o Normative-stage model Erikson personality changes ? Erik throughout life ? Development follows basic sequence of age- link up social and emotional changes ? Normative events happens to all flock of certain age ?Changes are attributed to age/biology only o Timing of events model ? Development depends on the occurrence of certain events ? Events that happens off- quantify (losing a job, unplanned pregnancy) ? Events that do not occur (singlehood, inability to have a child) ? If on season smooth development ? If not stress would occur ? Factors affecting response on events ? farsightedness and preparation ? Cognitive understanding ? Health ? own(prenominal)ity ? Life history ? Support systems ? Personality, support system and understanding play a big role on how one deals with unexpected events o Erik Eriksons maps th ?Intimacy versus Isolation 6 stage Page 2 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON OT 121 Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood o o Deep personal loads to others ? If one does not reach intimacy, one may become selfabsorbed. ? Isolation for self-reflection ? Sacrifice and compromise are needed in a relationship ? YA with strong sense of self are ? Ready to fuse their identity with another ? True Genitality reciprocal orgasm in a loving heterosexual relationship ? Resolution of this stage = LOVE ? The perils of not fulfilling the natural procreative urge. The notion that singles are dysfunctional. George Vaillants Adaptation surmisal ? Persons change and develop through their lives ? Persons? lives are influenced by quality of relationships with others and not by isolated traumatic events ? The level of mental health influences adaptation to life agencys ? Typical pattern ? Men in 20s dominated by parents ? Men in 20s and 30s age of establishment autonomy, marriage, children, deepened friendship ? Men in 23- 35s- age of consolidation doing what needs to be done ? Men in 40s age of transition, questioning commitments, soulsearching or midlife crisis ?Four Adaptive Mechanisms ? Mature humor, helping others, being altruistic psyschosomatic ? Immature symptoms (i. e. no physical reason but feels pain) ? Psychotic distorting or denying reality ? Neurotic developing irrational fears (i. e. developing anxiety) Daniel Levinson? s Life Structure Theory ? Evolving life structure ? Underlying pattern or design of a person at a given time ? Phases with tasks and accomplishments ? Has transitional phases for reflection in between ? 17-33 Entry Phase of YA ? Build first provisional life structure and emotional ? Financial independence ?Dream of early achievement ? Age 30 Transition ? Reevaluate entry life structure ? 30 onwards Culminating Phase ? Settles down ? Set goals that are time bound ? ? ? Anchors life Transition ? Period of preparation to enter the adult world ? Disequilibrium comes d ue to many choices an adult has to bewilder ? Periods of stability and instability ? reaction depends on self-definition ? Awareness of strengths and weaknesses ? Purpose ? From adolescent to adult ? Taking responsibility for ones self ? Making own decisions ? Redefining relationships with parents negotiation of ? Complete autonomy ?Independence ? Emotional Independence free from parental dependence, one can make decisions on their own ? Attitudinal Independence hold own beliefs, depends on strength of personality ? practicable Independence support self ? Conflictual Independence guiltless feeling about separation with parents ? From student to worker ? Works defines daily schedule, social contacts and opportunities for personal development ? During YA, work defines who you are. relationship ? Reciprocal between substantive complexity of work to a persons flexibility in coping with cognitive demands ?From living with parents to living alone (culture bound) ? Moving from family of origin to family of procreation ? Taking over day to day problems and financial support ? Relationships ? Seek emotional and physical intimacy ? Erikson crucial task of adulthood ? Important to do Self-disclosure revealing important information about oneself to another ? Skills needed ? Self-awareness ? Em course of studyy ? qualification to communicate emotions ? Sexual decision-making ? Conflict resolution ? Ability to sustain commitments OT 121 Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood Page 3 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON The nature of intimacy ? May not include sexual contact ? Invokes a sense of belonging, emotional connection ? The need to form strong, stable, close caring relationship is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Papalia, et al. , 2004) ? The strongest emotions are invoked by intimate relationships. (Both good and bad you bring out the best and worst in me) ? Need responsiveness to each others needs, mutual acceptance, and respect ? Sternbergs triangular Theory of extol ? INTIMACY, PASSION, COMMITMENT these 3 elements need to be present to form a real consummate relationship ?When you a love someone, you have to keep a PIC ? INTIMACY Emotional element Self disclosure connection, warmth and trust ? PASSION Motivational element Inner buzz off ? physiological arousal into desire. Cannot be controlled as it is a response of sensory physiological functions ? COMMITMENT Cognitive element Decision to love and to stay with the passion Patterns of Loving TYPE I P C Nonlove (interpersonal relationships) Liking Infatuation (love at first sight) Empty Love (long term relationship that lost intimacy and passion/arranged marriages)Romantic Love Companionate Love (long term, committed friendship in marriage with diminished physical attraction) Fatuous Love (whirlwind courtship) Consumate Love ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Dating Practices of Filipino YA o Can start as early as 12 years of age (Medina, 1991) o Non-traditional pr actices ? Speed go out ? Females paying for own share ? Open relationships ? Internet/other virtual context Gay relationship o Seeking love, companionship and sexual fulfilment through a relationship with a person of same sex Lesbians are more likely to have stable monoganous relationships than gay men. Gay and lesbian mates living to progress toher tend to be committed as married couples o Issues with custody, adoption, taxation, insurance and societal acceptance still exist Filipinos and Gay Relationship o Christian set and social norms view it as a sin (unnatural or im good) to engage in a gay relationship o Greater scorn in low-middle classes o May never have complete coming out due to pressure from society and family Marriage o best way to ensure orderly raising a children o Provides intimacy, commitment, friendship, affection sexual fulfillment, companionship, emotional growth, and new sources of identity and self-esteem Adjusting to turn a Spouse or Partner o Making joint decisions o Pooling of income o Living together ? Tests the relationships as the little that may annoy the partner are revealed. o Adjusting to each others families o Taking on roles as husband and wife o Meeting each others expectations Role of Extended Family among marital Filipino YAs o Serve as support systems o Older relatives as advisers o Younger relatives as companions (if couples are not yet difference to have children) split up and Separation o In the Philippines, annulment - legal separation, but one is not allowed to get married in the church again. It takes a long time before annulment is granted. Cohabitation before marriage, having divorced parents, exileing a child before marriage, having no child or having stepchildren are predictive whether a couple will end up separated or not o Reasons for divorce ? Incompatibility ? Lack of emotional support ? deprivation of career support ? Spousal abuse ? Mismatch of expectations o Effects of Divorce ? Income (no support , source of stress) ? Problems with identity and loneliness ? Anger and hostility ? Depression, alcoholism, sleep disorders, dislocation of immune system ? For the father, divorce can mean fewer rights to children, decline of income (support), less emotional support, negative impact on career o Divorce and Children ? Effects of divorce depend on ? Age ? Sex ? Nature of relationship with custodial parent Page 4 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON oOT 121 Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood ? ? ? ? Divorce in the Philippines ? Divorce is not acknowledged in the Philippines ? Cultural and religious influences affect acceptance of the practice ? sound separation and annulment legal (Family Code of the Philippines, Executive Order 209) but costly and frowned upon ? House bill 1799, An Act Introducing Divorce in the Philippines filed July 27, 2010 The single life o Social pressure to attach o More freedom to take risks in life and make choices o Haven? t piece the right one? o Advantages ? Decisions about self o Disadvantages ? Loneliness and solitude ? Social risks ? Economic risks no work, no money ?Physical risks depression, sectionalization of immune system Cohabitation o Unmarried couple in a sexual relationship in a consensual or informal inwardness (living together) o Substitute for marriage/trial marriage o Partners may miss out on economic, psychological, and health benefits of marriage which has ? Long term commitment and security ? Greater sharing of resources ? Stronger community connection o Advantages ? Getting to know each other ? Understanding intimate relationships ? Clarifying what you want sooner o Disadvantages ? Social stigma ? Over involvement (isolation from friends) ? Sexual risks ? Perceived loss of identity ? Over dependence ? Discomfort on ambiguity of situation ? Distance from friends o Cohabitation in Philippines ? 2. million Filipinos cohabiting (NSO, 2000), 18% of which between 20-24 years old ? 35% defy that l ive in arrangements are acceptable for couples intending to marry, 20% for couples do not ? 36% decide to cohabit because of economic reasons, 23% because of pregnancy, 15% as a dry run, 13% too young to marry, 3% not allowed to be married by parents, 2% lacking necessary documents Expression of sexuality o Decision to lead lifestyle o To marry and have a child o Engage in premarital sex o Showing who you are and how you relate to others in a modal value of dress, roles fulfilled and preference for partner Sex, Homosexuality and Bisexuality in Philippines o Cultural and religious values still a major influence o ? ? ? ?Increasing tolerance compared to previous years, though limited to certain groups o Private practices in order to avoid discrimination from society o keep use of derogatory terms Parenthood o Change from traditional family in western industrial families o Trend to have less children and bear them later in life ? Increased maturity and commitment ? Decreased economic advantage of having large family ? Overpopulation and hunger in developing countries o Becoming parents ? Changes in identity and inner life ? Shifts in roles and relationships within marriage ? Changing roles and relationships outside of family (female and work) ? New parenting roles and relationships ? Shifting in previous mindset that fathers are breadwinners and mothers the primary caregivers ? Having a baby can affect marital satisfaction ?Less satisfaction when pregnancy is planned involvement means ? Increased change magnitude satisfaction ? Low self-rating as parents decreased satisfaction o Stages of Parenting ? Image-making Stage (conception to birth) creating images of self as parents ? Nurturing Stage (birth to 2 years) ) attachment of baby, balancing needs of child with emotional commitment and time spent with significant others ? Authority Stage (2 to 5 years) examining type of parent one has become and will be ? interpretative Stage (6 to 11 years) reexamining an d testing long-held theories ? Interdependence Stage (12 to 18 years) re-asserting self as authority, competing and comparing self with children ?Departure Stage (leaving home) taking stock of performance as a parent Having Children o marriage? s ultimate fulfillment (Papalia & Olds, 1995) o children give companionship, love and happiness o provide emotional and financial support in later years o psychological value for success to parents o give meaning to life Remaining unfruitful o Financial burden of raising a child o Fears if becoming less attractive or changing relationship with spouse o Enjoying freedom to travel and make decisions o Concentrating on careers or causes o Worries on being a parent Single parenthood o Exhausting, regular struggle Page 5 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON o OT 121 Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood o o o o oOnly one of the two parents is present, may include spouses of OFWs Less financially secure than when with a partner Dif ficulty coping with demands and making decisions Balancing work and raising a child Extended families provide invaluable support ? ? Adult Friendships o Single young adults have more friends than of middle-aged and older adults o YA undertake friendships for social stimulation and new info later on in life will value friendships that are long-lasting and equitable o Socio-emotional selectivity theory ? Greater emphasis on fulfilling own emotional needs ? Limited time left to live o Center on work, parenting activities, and sharing of combine and advice o Varying quality of friendships ? Intimate and supportive ? Frequent conlfict ? Common interests ? Lifelong or fleeting COGNITIVE CHANGES o Piagets Cognitive Stage ? evening gown operational thinking ? Introspection ?Abstract thinking ? Logical thinking ? Hypothetical thinking o Information Pocessing Skills ? Vocabulary declines after 59 related more to educational level rather than age ? Sentence cognition deteriorates at 60 but may be attributed to hearing acuity ? Prose comprehension young better than old ? Better at understanding short prose passages ? Better at remembering short prose passages ? Indication of capacity of working memory Memory ? ? Primary (short term/working memory) ? Secondary) ? Episodic (events, how things happened) ? Semantic (facts) (left when amnesia strikes in) ? Procedural (how-to) Creativity ? ? Break from procedural thinking ?Problem solving that produces smart solutions ? Increase steeply from 20s to late 30s to early 40s before gradually declining ? Historians/scholars peak in the 60s and decline after ? Scientists peak in 40s, decline in 70s ? Artists peak in 30s to 40s and decline steeply after ? Differences within fields poets before rawists, mathematicians before scientists o Trends in cognitive capacities ? Information processing at its peak OT 121 Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood o o Better education suggests better chance of further increasing IQ in adulthood ? Type of course/interest/expertise can affect which skills are honed ? Skills frequently used are maintained ?Judgment and cogitate continue to develop throughout life Beyond Formal Operation Thought Draws on intuition and emotion and logic Experience and nuanced thinking expertness to deal with uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction, and compromise Born of experience and years of dealing with different situations viewformal thought Problem Finding Stage ? Raising questions from problems ? Involves dialectical thinking (accepting contradictions, exposure to both sides of problem) and wisdom (pragmatic knowledge acquired through time) ? Seeing shades of gray ? Transcend a single logical system ? Reconcile conflicting ideas Post Formal Thought ? ? Shifting gears this might work on paper but not in real life ? Multiple causality, multiple solutions let? s try it your way if it doesn? t work, let? s try it my way ? Compromise, in that respect are more than 1 so lution most of the time ? Pragmatism if you want the most practical solution, do this the fastest, do that ?Awareness of paradox doing this will give him what he wants, but it will only make him unhappy in the end ? Know the consequences of the actions and the eventual implications that may be opposite to what was expected would happen Schaies Stages of Adult Cognitive Development Achieving stage (late teens to early 20s-30s) ? ? Knowledge for independence and competence ? Using what one knows to pursue goals (career, family) Responsible stage (late 30s to early 60s) ? ? Using what one knows to solve practical problems associated with responsibilities to others (family members, employees) ? For long-range goals Sternbergs Triarchich Theory of Intelligence o Componential (analytic) ? How efficiently one processes information ?Knowledge on how to solve problems, monitor solutions, evaluate results o Experiential (insightful/creative) ? How people approach novel or familiar tasks ? K nowledge on how to compare new information with old and integrate this information in the palanner o Contextual /Practical ? How people deal with the environment Page 6 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON ? ? ? Knowledge on how to look at a situation and decide how to look to move forward/get over with it. Involves tacit knowledge (inside information) Self-management Management of task Management of others Studies imply that componential intelligence grow until midlife. ? MORAL CHANGES Kohlbergs Stages of clean-living Development ? o Postconventional Morality ?Stage 5 Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Law ? Stage 6 Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience ? What is right is what gives justice and is right for all individuals Morality in YA ? o Cognitive awareness if dogmas comes in adolescence but commitment happens in adulthood o Growth influenced by ? Encountering conflicting values away from home ? Being responsible for others Moral reason ing ? Stage 5 ? o Social contract where rules mustiness be obtained through elected consensus for will or majority and maximizing social welfare o Understanding of underlying purpose of law o Calls for change in a law that compromises basic rights Stage 6 ? Defines right and wrong on basis of selfgenerated principles that are broad and universal in application o Moral musical chairs as it depends on every situation, every context o Discovers through reflection Stage 7 ? o Why be moral? o Post-Kohlberg theorists o Equated to concept of self-transcendence o Achievement of cosmic perspective (i. e. nirvana) Sample Situation There was a woman who had very bad cancer, and there was no treatment known to medicine that would save her. Her heal, Dr. Jefferson knew that she only had 6 months to live. She was in terrible pain, but she was so weak that a good point of pain killer like ether or morphine would make her die sooner. She was delirious and almost crazy with pain, and in her cal m periods, she would ask Dr. Jefferson to give her ether to kill her.She said she couldn? t stand the pain and she was going to die in a few months anyway. Although he knows mercy violent death is against the law, the revive thinks about granting her request. ? Stage 5 Yes, give her the drug o Although most of our laws have a sound basis in moral principle, laws against mercy killing do not. The doctor? s act is morally justified because it relieves the suffering of OT 121 Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood ? ? the woman without harming other people. Yet he still must be held legally accountable because society would be damaged if everyone simply ignored laws they do not agree with. Stage 5 No don? give her the drug o The laws against mercy killing protect citizens from harm at the hands of unscrupulous doctors and stingy relatives and should be upheld because they serve a positive function for society. If laws were to be changed through the democratic process , that might be another thing. But right now the doctor can do the most good for society by adhering to them. Stage 6 Yes, give her the drug o We must consider the effects of this act on everyone concerned the doctor, the dying woman, other terminally ill people and all people everywhere. Basic moral principle dictates that all moral people have a right to dignity and self-determination as long as others are not harmed by their decisions. Assuming no one else will be hurt, she has a right to live or die as she chooses.The doctor may be doing right if he respects her integrity as a person and saves her, her family, and all of society from needless suffering. Stage 6 No, don? t give her the drug o If we truly adhere to the principle that human life should be valued above all else and all lives should be valued equally, it is morally wrong to play God and decide that some lives are worth living and others are not. Before long, we would have a world in which life has no value. CAREER C HANGES Selection of career path ? o Depends on ? Interests, abilities, and personality ? Responsibilities ? Educational level ? Gender ? Social class ? Proximity to workplace ? Luck ? Parental attitudes o Continues from an adolescents search for call identity, influenced by increasing realism ?YA gives you a perspective of what you can achieve, the only question is how to achieve it o Taking on increasing responsibilities o come in college/getting specialized education o Getting work experience Entering the workforce ? o Reality shock ? Expectations clashing with reality ? ascendent of frustration and anger o Growth of competence and autonomy ? Positive role of mentors ? Independence and surpassing mentors o Growth of loyalty and commitment ? Maintaining tempestuousness and commitment essential to mature satisfaction Page 7 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON ? ? ? ? ? Identifying with occupation, employer, industry Gender-Based Adjustment o Males ? Roles they want to play ? Use of their abilities and training ?Authority ? be raises ? Job transfers o Female ? Use of their abilities, expectation, training ? Feeling of being in a dead end job because more opportunities for promotion are given to males ? Being stereotyped Factors that Affect career decisions o Work options/types o Changes in work skill demands (technology) o Flexibility of working time (home responsibilities) o Preparation for a specific job o Sexual stereotypes o Labeling of occupations o Security (permanent vs seasonal jobs) o Career goals o Personal values and expectations Job Satisfaction o Intrinsic factors ? Work challenge (bored or challenged? ) ? Interest ? Work competence ? AchievementIntrinsic factors are the concern of ? YA. o adscititious factors ? Salary ? Status/position ? Comfort of environment ? Work hours ? Supervision and employment practices ? Attitudes and support of colleagues ? Opportunities for advancement - concern form late YA and MA opposite issues o Stress from work o Personal needs o Stimulation from work o Security o Actual work conditions Occupational Hazards o Depends on type of work o Stress ? Excessive work demands - subjective ? Little to no control of work method/areas o Danger of dissatisfaction which leads to low motivation, trouble-making behaviors and hostility ? Which may lead to unemployment ? ? ? Degree of marital satisfaction ? Materialism ? Physical competitiveness ? o Mid30s to 40s (midlife) ? Affected by turgid physiologic changes ? Restricted activities Common Leisure Activities o Outdoor recreation o Parties/social activities o Sports and hobbies o Watching television o liberal arts and culture o Travel Factors that affect choice of leisure o Work o Finances o Health and mobility o Family and friends o epoch o Community o Exercise Benefits of Leisure to YA o Dealing with stress o Providing social outlet o Maintaining health and wellness o Self-development - not be confined with work LEISURE CHANGES o 20s ? ? ? ? o 30s ? ?New interests New acquaintances Strong physical component Intensive social mix Affected by the decline of Social life FILIPINO CUSTOMS, BELIEFS, and EXPECTATIONS o Use of tabo/ dipper o Filipino value system/pamantayan ? Halaga (evaluative) right or wrong ? Diwa (spiritual) sacred or profane, strong or weak ? Asal (expressive) good or bad o Ideal behavior for Filipinos would revolve around ? industriousness ? Perseverance ? Patience ? Self-control o Kinship ? Child is central in linking people together Status as parent when child is innate(p) to ? them Status as grandparent when their ? children bear offspring ? Results in deep emotional attachment to parents, particularly mothers ?Marriage brings together two sets of kin and is sacred, special relationship ? Adoption as means of helping less fortunate relatives, and fulfillment of moral responsibility of married couples o Good reputation ? Emphasis on puri (personal honor or chastity) ? Clash of traditional values with Western va lues and practices ? Premarital and extramarital sex ? Emphasis on taking care of familys scream o Ideal spouses ? Husband Good provider ? Good-natured ? Not cruel ? Hard and dedicated worker ? Page 8 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON OT 121 Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood o Not a drunkard Wife Good housekeeper ? Not quarrelsome ? Frugal and efficient tutor ? Not lazy ? Sexually faithful ?Courtship in the Philippines ? Traditions include the following Visiting the female at her home ? Having a chaperon at all times ? Serenading ? Serving in the house of the female ? ? ? o ? More freedom in current times Marriage Customs and Beliefs ? Siblings must not get married within the same year as it brings misfortune and difficulties ? Necessary to postpone wedding after a death in the family ? Ceremonies in nuptial mass Wedding paraphernalia which ? falls/touches the floor is bad luck Significance of lighting candle, veil, ? and cord OT 121 Lifespan Development and Oc cupation II Young Adulthood Page 9 BLANCO MARIANO QUEMADO VILLON

Marketing Analysis of Watsons

Watsons in Singapore spans health & sweetie chains, perfumeries & cosmetics, grocery, pharmacy, wine and duty-free. Watsons target customers atomic number 18 located in the spending power (two thousand and five more than(prenominal) in monthly income) to accept new things but also the middle furcate (age 18-40 years). Watson in the research found that Asian women will use more time to go shopping, and they are willing to invest a lot of time to find cheaper or better products. Watsons view that female consumer of this age is the almost challenging spirit.They like to use the best products and seek new experiences, fashion, willing to show themselves in front of friends. They are more willing to use the cash to bring big changes for their willingness to carry out various new attempts. The reason that they are more concerned about consumers under the age of 40 is drawn-out because of their age most women already have their possess brand and lifestyle of the fixed. In this comf ortable shopping environment, Watsons provide customers with a variety of products. According to the diverse benefits the consumers seek from the products.Watson has a strong team of health advisers, including full-time pharmacists and health and vitality Ambassador professional teams are subject to professional training, provided free of confide for customers to maintain a healthy living advice and recommendations. Watson is not only concerned the sale of goods, more thoughtful and meticulous attention to customer negociate, and full of his individual(prenominal) care service shop features. It positions its products to offer at affordable determines which are comparable with that of the otherwise major shop. In an affluent society, men and women of all ages are interested in a comfortable shopping environment.They hope in a good social image of shop to buy their want. Watsons, the largest health and beauty retail merchant in the world can satisfy the consumers need. 4 Ps of Marketing Product/Services The products offered the personal health care products, beauty, skin care products and the pharmacy. UK Savers chain, the Netherlands Kruidvat Group, Latvia DROGAS retail chains, the British Merchant Retail perfume chain, Malaysia Apex Pharmacy Sinbad pharmacies and a series of mergers and acquisitions, so Watson in its own branding and product development, conduct accumulate there have been large enough leeway.In 2005, Watson spent 5. 5 billion Hong Kong dollars acquisition of Frances largest, has a long history of perfume retailer Marionnaud, fol subalterned in turn is headquartered in St. Petersburg, Russias health and beauty chain Spektr Group in the bag. In Watsons, customers have a lot of choices, because they can use slight m matchlessy to buy the most suitable products. In order to facilitate customers to target womens Watson will be the height of the shelf down to 1. 65 meters from 1. 0 meters, and the kingpin of the display of products on the shelf height is generally 3-1 m 1 m 5, while human enough shelf design. Watsons Your Personal neckcloth each are clearly divided into different sales areas, different categories of goods, placed neatly for easy customer selection. In the display of goods, the Watsons focus on its inherent connection and logic, according to cosmetics skin care products beauty products hair care products fashion articles pharmacy accessories - make-up tool for the classification of the order of placing women in daily.Watson sold the products, pharmacies accounted for 15%, cosmetic and skin care products accounted for 35%, 30% of personal care products, and the remaining 20% is food, beauty products and clothing accessories, etc. terms Strategy Watsons belong to the chain business model. This model not only reduces the difficulty and improves the operating quality and efficiency of operations. Chain of centralize purchasing and centralized distribution only save operating costs, but also can c reate its own brand of competitively priced.Chains of individual scattered into one operating large-scale network management structure, the headquarters for the store through centralized purchasing, purchasing large quantities, can enjoy a higher price discounts and reduce the purchase cost. Brought through the acquisition of channel, product and technology development and other core elements, combined with a very international brand appeal, with its own brand of competitive and strictly control the production of quality outsourcing guise of promotion model, Watson to increasing ability of consumers to the viscosity, aggregation target consumers.The one hand, quality assurance, on the one hand is the price demands, this strategy has considerable destruction. Im sure Im cheap, overpaid, half refund signs in this category end in Watsons stores everywhere. First a low propensity to attract the consumers come in, in sufficient source of the premise, by tying promotions to stimulate thei r purchase frequency and quantity, the Watson thus avoiding the common retail price of war.Promotion The classification of the different regions will introduce various new products and promotional merchandise, from time to time in the shop so that customers have a new found interest in order to stimulate customer. Watsons also can through flyers, newspapers, advertisement and word of mouth. Place and distribution A class of the most prosperous shopping district is Watsons first choice, such as a large number of big shopping malls or the streets of passenger traffic, airports, rail line stations or the central office and other local white-collar workers also consider the object, similar to the other shop.Product Life Cycle the great unwashed enjoy shopping in Watsons, because of the health & beauty chain. The health & beauty products market segment of the business may still be in the product phase of the product life cycle. In the future, Watsons can offer more bonds of cosmetics . They can also offer the consumer electronics or accessories. Can set up a column to those white-collar, in order to provide them with stationary. Major Competitors The major competitors in the health & beauty business in Singapore include CK, Guardian, SaSa, Pharmacy and other health & beauty business.

Capstone Paper

An accomplished leader is a strong communicator, motivator and problem solver. Building teams, motivating employees, measuring knob needs and managing conflicts are some of the critical tasks of a leader. The definition of leaders is the ability to inspire confidence and support among the people who are needed to reach organizational goals (Durbin, 2). This is the primary goal of a near leader however I believe the leader needs to have a certain digit of characteristics or traits in order to let this to his/her employees. Loud have to say that the most beta traits of a good leader are a lovingness for the work and the people, self-confidence and trustworthiness. I think that it is crucial for a great leader to be passionate bout the work that they do as wholesome as the team that they are leading. Within my current role as a Senior Business Support Coordinator, were required to take on a leadership role on an almost daily basis. One particular instance that rec altogether of which I had to take on a complete leadership role was during a snow storm. I was one of the only seniors or management that was actually subject to make it into the office.With the few of us that were actually able to make it into the office, took control and distributed all of the cases that needed to be handled that day. I made sure we had appropriate phone overage and triages all incoming work that was received. On this day with short staffing we were able to handle all of the cases that were due for that day and we had not late reports to our home office or the FDA. The association amongst effective action evaluations and employee morale is very close. Actually, one of the core reasons to evaluate employees is to encourage them.As a leader, this is an opportunity to reinforce things an employee does well and provide correction and planning for areas that need improvement. It is important to understand that performance evaluations re definitely a necessary evil, however the ed ge chosen to evaluate ones employees needs to be considered very carefully. Problem affirmation The issues with performance evaluations are not within the systems themselves but in how they are administered. It is hard for an employee to deal with a negative performance evaluation in general.However, it is so far harder to deal with a performance evaluation that one would consider average when the employee may feel that their work performance level is really much higher. explore Design This capstone paper will consist of taking a anonymous poll within my apartment of my co-workers in regards to how they feel about how the process of performance evaluations are handled with our organization. How these performance evaluations and promotions affect their work performance and feeling about the company. Results of Study Within my company we have a system in which we used called the UP system.This system has all of our goals that are cascaded down from out managers. Within the product safety department the majority of all our goals are separate goals so it is extremely hard to stand out individually. It allows for a loafer to receive the same rewards because the others pick up the slack and still hey look good in return. In December and January of each year the employee lists their progress, weight goals, lists any accomplishments, year- end self-appraisal on UP/LDAP (Individual Development Plan) and we submit them to our manager.The manager and employee then prove to ensure everything is clear and accurate. The manager then obtains feedback and input on the employees performance and behaviour from others and participates in calibration. Calibration is a system of checks and balances that ensures the employees performance is rated as fairly, objectively and equitably as possible. The next step to the UP process is to have the manager draft UP year-end appraisal considering employees self-appraisal, input and managers own observations. here(predicate) is where the issue in my opinion comes into play.It is understandable that feedback is necessary in order for managers to make an accurate assessment of the employees performance and behavior. When the managers meet to discuss ratings they are allowed to provide input on each employee even if they do not directly work with that employee. How is it possible to make an assessment on an employees performance or behavior if a manager is not directly working with them at any time? I believe the feedback should come directly from those that work directly with the employee so that a true assessment and feedback Can be given.We are also required to attach to our UP system is a form that is called an DIP or Individual development plan. The purpose of this form is to set long term goals for your career path and your manager is supposed to help you GU did. After all this has been performed at the end of the year and an assessment has been performed a rating is applied to the employee.

Case study: Managing Customer Quality Service Essay

in that respect atomic number 18 number of reasons show the difference of LCV between these two stores.First of all, when people go in a obtain, they look for what they want, and then the start great consideration comes up from their mind is the PRICE.Price is the amount of money that charged for a product or religious service. In reality, people like comparing prices on the same brand of product from different shops to find divulge which one coffin nail meet their budget.In the case study, Laura spends more amount of money in the second newsagent each week is probably because of its price is higher than the other one.However, Price simply rarely provides a long-term competitive advantage. (Jacques Horovitz 1990, p.30) This statement emphasises even if a vexation sells its products at a lower price, simply in the long run, the concern may still not compete against the other businesses because todays guests want more psychological needs rather than cheap price, and they a re increasingly difficult to satisfy. This statement also leads to the next point.Lastly, the element that goes after price would be QUALITY SERVICE. Nowadays, the quality of service is usually twice as important as price and it has become a major factor in many purchase decisions. For example, one day I went to a coffee shop to buy a cup of coffee, the assistant kept talking on her phone so I stood there for about three minutes and waited, that she still ignored me, therefore I rather went to Gloria Jeans to buy an expensive cup of coffee instead of standing there and wasting my succession.Service comes from people, not companies. (Catherine Devrye 2000, p.8) This statement indicated that service only exists in human experience. If we cannot provide quality service to our lively customers, they may hide from their dissatisfaction with service but if customers dissatisfied with their introductory experience are almost always lost customers.So, Laura prefers to go to the second newsagent which may cost more but she paid for what she wanted and it is expenditure because she can have Chriss friendly smile and kindly greeting.Thus, the difference in price and the mesh aim of service quality in business can lead to a difference in LCV of each store.Q2) How would you rate the level of service provided by the two newsagents? wherefore?I would give two out of 5 of the service provided by the first newsagentbecause in the article it says The owner never appears to recognise her., which indicates that the owner has no interaction or conversation with customers and this also shows that he does not concentrate on the service he should provide. Despite, the store has a large range of goods and is well laid out and clean, but the owner doesnt treasure this as an opportunity to attract more new customers. On the contrary, he provides bad service or even no service to customers which may due to people start leaving his business and work for his competitors.For the new newsagent, I would rate four out of 5 to the service it provides to its customers because the owner, Chris, greeted Laura with a smile and asked if she needs any help. This is a good example of good quality service. Service goes beyond friendliness or kindness. (Jacques Horovitz 1990, p.3) So, by asking questions and listening carefully to the answers can make customers feel that they are not by themselves, they got someone to look after and finally they enjoy going in there.Moreover, Chris reckons the concept of treating customers as long-term appreciating asset, will help to build image and trust of her store and hence to attract more new customers and increase their loyalty.Q3) Although Laura shopped at the first newsagent regularly, was she loyal? Do you think the first newsagent baffled satisfaction or even nowhere else to go with loyalty? Why is this desperate for a business? How would you advise the first newsagent to proceed if she is to retain her customer base? In your answer, include a discussion on meeting the psychological needs of customers.Although Laura shopped at the first newsagent regularly but she was not loyal to the business.I think the first newsagent confused the concept of both satisfaction and nowhere else to go with loyalty. Satisfaction is a form of attitude that contributes to customers. Customer satisfaction is the ultimate objective of every business not to supply, not to sell, not to service, but tosatisfy the needs that drive customers to do business. (Mack Hanan / peter Karp 1991, xi) Every business needs to have some level of customer satisfaction in order to increase loyalty. Otherwise, no satisfied customers, it would have no business. Unlike satisfaction, loyalty can be defined in term of buying behaviour. (Jill Griffin 1995, p.31) A loyal customer is the one who makes regular repeat purchases, has a specific bias about what and who to from and generates word-of-mouth.It is dangerous for a business because the ow ner who might assume the customers keep coming back because he satisfied their wants and they are loyal, but in fact they are nowhere else to go. Besides, if a new and the same type of business opens in the same area, it can be a disaster, new challenge and obstacle to the existing business because people always like to try new things and new businesses always generate attractive promotions to attract new customers such as discounts, collapse member for free or free gift etc.As a result, it can cause the existing business starts losing its regular customers because of poor customer service or higher price in products. Eventually it leads to a loss in sales and profits, reputation and cost a lot of time to reform and attract new customers.There are many ways to retain customer base in the first newsagent.Firstly, there is a round-eyed way to learn about customer satisfaction in your business which is to conduct a satisfaction survey. A satisfaction survey is an important incision for business to collect customers opinions and points of view, and it also gives the insight of what most customers want and expect. Therefore, the questions in the survey need to focus on the various aspects of quality and customer service. in one case the survey results are collected, it is necessary to analyse and identify each one of them and finally applies to the newsagent where it is necessary,Secondly, the owner in the first newsagent needs to generate more interactions with her customers because talking to your customers is a good chance to build up their loyalty and understand more about their wants. Customers are not loyal to products.(Mack Hanan / Peter Karp 1991, p.155)Customers are loyal to your service. If you can provide good quality service and satisfy their wants, they can become your loyal customers. Meanwhile, the owner needs to meet customers psychological needs such as to greet customers with a smile on your face and ask if they need any help in particular, bec ause some people are scared or shy to ask questions. So that, by asking questions and listening carefully to the answers would make customers feel you understand what they ask for, and you are looking after them in order to satisfy their wants.Lastly, the owner should search for some special touches with her customers regularly such as discounts, extended working hours, join member for free or free gifts. That will help the business to stand out from the crowd because customers always want you to take an extra step to please them.Thus, by conducting a satisfaction survey, meeting customers psychological needs and providing special touches with customers will help the first newsagent to retain its customer bas and hence to increase revenue, loyalty and reputation of the newsagent.Q4) What opportunities are there in a newsagency to provide sensational moments of truth?There are number of opportunities to provide sensational moments of truth in a newsagent.The aisles are clear of debr is.Customers always receive correct change.Customers wait in a queue less than three minutes.The person at the checkout is efficient.All staffs greet customers with a smile, have a small talk and customise goodbye to customers.Goods that customers want are stocked and attractively displayed.