Design and Operation of Logistics Systems Assignment

Design and Operation of Logistics Systems - Assignment Example Savings in logistics cost accrue from reduced inventory levels, making it possible to close facilities, thus, promoting centralisation of distribution. It further reduces the need to keep stock at many warehouses, thus, bringing a shift in the role of such facilities from stock keeping to distribution (Higginson & Bookbinder 2005). Management of Gerrard Laboratories was also thinking on the same lines by planning to close Cologne facility not just because it could serve the Cologne warehouse customers from the Brussels plant at Belgium but because the competitor company was serving the European market with fewer warehouses than Gerrard Laboratories. Serving the Cologne customer base from the Brussels plant, the largest and the oldest one, from the management and manufacturing perspective seemed more pertinent as the Brussels manufacturing plant had been producing 25 items out of the total 35 products. The given situation indicates that it is more practical to serve the Cologne area f rom the Brussels plant. From sales operations perspective also, Gerrard’s 90% customers had been retailers; only 10% formed the industrial customers. Further, there was no seasonal change in the demand of the company products. Hence, it is expected that Gerrard should manage distribution to hospital customers satisfactorily from the Brussels plant. Another aim of distribution centres has been to attend to customer needs, which a great number of researchers have analysed. Increased communication and transportation have further minimised the requirement of warehouses and distribution centres (Higginson & Bookbinder 2005). Examining Gerrard on the communication and transportation parameters for client servicing, Gerrard has been handling its logistics functions on traditional practices. Other than its own 4 plants and 14 warehouses, it had been sharing warehousing space of 23 other grocery products and services companies, not wholly occupying the total offered space. So far the practice of one-shot billing system with variable cost of manufacturing coming to 80% of the total cost could be a reasonable ratio but annual or maximum period of 2 years for contract renewal with the warehousing service providers could be the deterrent; it carried the impending risk of increased inventory cost annually. That’s why Gerrard senior management had been focussing more on closing the Cologne facility (Case Study). Financially, it would be a good decision to close the Cologne warehouse as shipments from Netherland to Brussels would not be charged with any additional freight rate. The new weighted-average rates for taking the goods from Brussels plant to the Cologne customers through another trucking company are quite competitive as the trucking company has expressed its desire for reducing the rates for less-than truck loads (LTL). It has offered 100 square meters of its Cologne terminal space for transit storage without charging extra, which is a big plus-point. The local delivery rates for TL per case would come to â‚ ¬0.58 and for LTL only marginally higher. Rate for at least 40% shipped goods would be highly competitive. Gerrard would be in a position to save revenue on this count and also by getting goods delivered via the Netherland without incurring extra cost in comparison to goods delivered v

Marketing Strategies of Catering Firms Essay Example for Free

Marketing Strategies of Catering Firms Essay Basically, the Descriptive method of research will be utilized in the study since it is designed for the investigation or to gather information about present existing conditions. [1]This will be done by gathering the descriptive data through the use of researcher-made questionnaires. Manuel and Medel(1990) defined Descriptive Research as a research that describes ‘what is’. It involves the description, recording analysis, and interpretation of the present nature, composition or how a person, group or thing behaves or functions in the present. It often involves some type of comparison or contrast.[2] According to Polit and Hungler(1999), Descriptive Research describes what exists and may help to uncover new facts and meaning. The purpose of Descriptive Research is to discover, describe and document. Aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs.[3] In other words, Dsescriptive Reserch design is a valid method for researching specific subjects and as a precursor to more quantitative studies. Whilst there are some valid concerns about the statistical validity, as long as the limitations are understood by the researcher, this type of study is an invaluable scientific tool.[4] Its common means of obtaining information include the use of the questionnaire, personal interviews with the aid of study or interview schedule, and observation, either participatory or not. Descriptive Research includes studies that gives meaning to the quality and standing of facts that are going on. For instance, the information about a group of person, a number of objects, a set of conditions, a class of events, a system of thought or any other kind of phenomenon or experience which one may wish to study.[5] This method will be appropriate and used in the study because it is concerned with the conditions that exist and help to answer the questions involving the Marketing Strategies of Catering Firms in selected towns in Rizal. SETTING OF THE STUDY This study will be conducted in selected towns in Rizal. Rizal is a province located in the CALABARZON, just 16 kilometers east of Manila. The province was named after the countrys national hero,Josà © Rizal. Rizal Governor Dr. Casimiro Ynares III on June 17, 2008 announced the transfer of the Capitol from Pasig. Its P 270-million capitol building, constructed in Antipolo by Ortigas Co., owner thereof, was completed by December of that year. Built on 5-hectare lot at the Ynares Center, it employs 2,008 employees. The New Capitol was successfully inaugurated on March 4, 2009, bringing back the Capitol Building inside the provincial territory, from which it was absent for 33 years (when Pasig was incorporated into Metro Manila). Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west, the province of Bulacan to the north, Quezon to the east and Laguna province to the south. The province also lies on the northern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. Rizal is a mountainous province perched on the western slopes of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range. Antipolo boasts of a wonderful view of Metro Manila and it is where Hinulugang Taktak, a waterfall popular with tourists, can be found. The Rizal Province will be accessed by the future C-6 Road connecting the provinces of Bulacan and Cavite and cities of Taguig (beside Laguna de bay), Paraà ±aque and Muntinlupa which are located within Metro Manila. [6] The selected towns to be involved in the study are Tanay, Taytay, Angono, Binangonan, and Cainta. Tanay is a first class municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. It is located 57 kilometers (35 mi) east of Manila, although a typical commute between Manila and Tanay will take between one to three hours depending upon traffic conditions. It contains portions of the Sierra Madre Mountains and is bordered by Antipolo City in the northwest, Baras, Morong and Teresa in the west, General Nakar (Quezon Province) in the east, and Pililla, Santa Maria (Laguna province) as well as the lake Laguna de Bay in the south. According to the latest census, it has a population of 94,460 people in 15,720 households. The majority of the population consists of Tagalogs who live near Laguna de Bay, though there are also a significant percentage of mountain dwelling people living in the northern portions of the municipality. The towns major trades consist of fishing, agriculture and regional commerce. Tanay is also believed to be the birthplace of the Sambal language. [7] *Continuation of Setting of the Study* The City of Taytay is a first class, densely populated municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. It is currently the third most populous municipality in the country. Conurbated with Metro Manila, it is bounded by Cainta on the north, Pasig City and Taguig City on the west, Antipolo City in the East and Angono on the South. It is the Woodworks and Garments Capital of the Philippines.[8] Angono is a first class urban municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. It is known as Arts Capital of the Philippines, and located 30 kilometers (19 mi) east of Manila. According to the latest census of August 1, 2007, it has a population of 97,209 inhabitants (or 4.26% of Rizal provinces total population of 2,284,046) in 15,740 households. First created as a pueblo in 1766, Angono was a barrio of its neighboring town Taytay and Binangonan before being legally proclaimed an independent municipality in 1935 by then President Manuel L. Quezon. It is home to the Angono Petroglyphs, the oldest known work of art in the Philippines. [9] The Municipality of Binangonan is a first class urban municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 249,872 inhabitants in 38,488 households in census. It has a land area of 64.38 km ². A thriving fish port and fishing industry is found in Binangonan, having a long coast line facing the Laguna de Bay, including the western part of Talim Island. The plant of Rizal Cement and Grandspan are in Binangonan as well. Their main livelihood are fishing and farming. With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, the municipality is now part of Manilas conurbation which reaches Cardona in its eastern-most part.[10] The Municipality of Cainta (Filipino: Bayan ng Cainta) is a first-class urban municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. It is one of the oldest (originally founded on August 15, 1571), and is the town with the second smallest land area of 26.81 square kilometers (10.35 sq. mi) next to Angono with 26.22 square kilometers (10.12 sq. mi).Cainta serves as the secondary gateway to the rest of Rizal province from Metro Manila. Cainta became one of the most urbanized towns due to its proximity to Manila.[11] Subject Of The Study The subject of the study will be twenty five(25) owners or caterers in selected towns in Rizal. The selected towns to be involved in the study are Tanay, Taytay, Angono, Binangonan and Cainta. The researchers will distribute the questionnaire – checklist to the five(5) catering firms in each selected towns. Sources of Data In this study, the researchers will use a questionnaire – checklist as the main tool in gathering the needed data or information on the marketing strategies of catering firms in selected towns in Rizal. The researchers adapted the questionnaire of Caisip et al, with some modifications to suit the type of respondents. The questionnaire – checklist is divided into three parts: Part 1 pertains to the personal profile of the respondents which includes the age, job position, sex, civil status, educational attainment, monthly salary, type of catering, ownership, accreditation, affiliation and location. Part 2 consists of the profile of catering firms that perceived by the respondents which includes the physical facilities, services offered, capacity, number of staff, income per year, price per pax, target market and amenities. Part 3 contains the different marketing strategies used by the caterers to attract customers. These will be answered by the respondents by putting a checkmark on the corresponding space by using the following five-point scales: SCALE| VERBAL INTERPRETATIONS| 5| Very Much(VM)| Always(A)| 4| Much(M)| Frequently(F)| 3| Moderate(MO)| Occasionally(O)| 2| Little(L)| Rarely(R)| 1| Very Little(VL)| Never(N)| This scale will be used to know the effectiveness of the marketing strategies that the catering firms applied. Procedure Of The Study The researchers underwent planning which includes the formulation of the problem, they decided to go on the title â€Å"Marketing Strategies of Catering Firms in Selected Towns in Rizal†. After the research instructors’ approval of the title, the researchers gathered related literature and studies to complete the Chapter 1 and 2. In Chapter 1, the researchers collected the needed information involving the Introduction, Background of the Study, Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, Statements of the Problem, Hypothesis, Scope and Limitation of the Study, and Definition of Terms. The Statements of the Problem will be pattern to the Study of Caisip, Catherine C. et al. While in the Chapter 2, the researchers did the same thing in gathering the data needed, which includes the Research Method, Sources of Data, Setting of the Study, Subject of the Study, Procedure of the Study, and Statistical Treatment. Upon the completion of the 2 chapters, the research instructors will schedule the researches for the colloquium. So, the constructive criticisms will be made by the panelists for the improvement of the study. Statistical Treatment To analyze the data gathered, the indicated statistical treatment below will be used in the study: Problem number 1: Frequency and Percentage Distribution will be used to determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age, job, sex, civil status, educational attainment, monthly salary, type of catering, ownership, accreditation and affiliation, and location. Problem number 2: Weighted mean will be used to determine the marketing strategies of catering firms in selected towns in Rizal in terms of physical facilities. Frequency and Percentage Distribution will be used to determine the marketing strategies of catering firms in selected towns in Rizal in terms of services offered, capacity, number of staff, income per year, price per pax, target market and amenities. Problem number 3: F-Test(One Way ANOVA) will be utilized to determine if there is any significant difference on the marketing strategies of catering firms in selected towns in Rizal with respect to the different aspects in terms of physical facilities, service offered, capacity, number of staff, income per year, price per pax, target market and amenities. End Notes 1http://www.slideshare.net/Angilo/descriptive-research, July 10, 2012 2Rupinta, Sheila Marie G. et. al â€Å"Status of Tourisim Components in the Different Hospitality Industries in Selected Towns in the Province of Rizal.† 3http://www.reserachproposalsforhealthprofessionals.com/descriptive-research.html 4http://www.experiment-resources.com/descriptive-research-design.html, August 5, 2010 5http://www.slideshare.net/Angilo/descriptive.research, July 10,2011 6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal, August 15,2012 7http://www.wowrizal.com/towns-and-cities/tanay-rizal-facts-location-population-barangays-history/ , April 4 2010 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal, August 24,2010 9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angono,_Rizal, July 22, 2012 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binagonan,_Rizal, July 7,2012 11

Teen Alcoholism :: Teen Drinking

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In 1991, a study by the United States Surgeon General’s office stated that 8 million out of the 20.7 million young people in grades 7 through 12 drank alcoholic beverages every week. It went on to say that 454,000 of those youngsters reported weekly binges (Claypool 21).† In the United States and all over the world underage teens are drinking, and it may be because they just don’t know about alcohol and its effects (Monroe 56). Underage or teen drinking is a major problem today that is increasing more and more, and something needs to be done to stop this increase and to control the number of underage drinkers. There are many statistics that show just how big this problem is amongst our youth. One frightening statistic that shows how much this problem has been increasing is that between 1948 and 1988 the percent of teen drinkers increased by 57 percent (Nielsen 47). Many parents may think that their child may not drink until they are much older, but the average age that teenagers try alcohol is between the ages twelve and sixteen (9). Also, a 1995 study taken by the University of Michigan stated that 35 out of 100 high school seniors drank 5 or more drinks at one time at least once during their two week survey period (Claypool 10). â€Å" A recent poll by the National Association of Student Councils found that alcohol was the leading school problem and 46 percent [of students] said it was the school’s most serious problem (Monroe 53).† This may be because alcohol is very dangerous because it is a poisonous drug that can be very addictive (Mitchell 6). In order to help solve this problem of underage drinking we must first try to understand why teens drink alcohol. There are many reasons why a young teen may choose to drink alcohol. A national survey, taken in 1995, showed that 87 percent of parents thought that teens drank because of peer pressure, but 79 percent of teenagers said it was just because they liked the feeling they got when they drank (27). The main reason and the biggest reason why teens drink would probably have to be peer pressure, but there are many other reasons other than peer pressure why a teen might drink. â€Å"In addition to peer influences, some experts believe that media depiction of alcohol use in print advertising, television and radio commercials, and fictional television programs such as sitcoms and dramatic series glamorizes alcohol to young people and can influence their decision to drink (Mitchell 28).

Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death Essay examples -- Mas

Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death      Ã‚   After reading Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of Red Death" (317-22), the reader can only conclude that death is the theme once again in another thrilling horror tale. Other critics such as Patricia H. Wheat, view this tale as a battle between life and death (51-56). Yet, Leonard Cassuto brings an interesting theory to this tale--"According to the narrator's own account, no one survives the Red Death. The only one who(lives) is Death. The narrator must be death himself" (317-20). Reflecting back to the various critical analogies on tone, character, and allegory on "The Masque of Red Death" a certain aspect of this work has yet to be defined. The plague that devastated a whole countryside could only be described. Could it be that Poe uses this fiction to chronicle his own encounters with death in his own life? To better understand this viewpoint a short summary is incorporated:    " The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it's seal-the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim was the pest ban, which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease were the incidents of half an hour" (Poe 317-22).    In this passage Poe describes a plague that death uses to take its victims. The horrific manner in which the disease appears -- bleeding at the pores, sharp pains, and seizures--can be related back to episodes in... ...Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.    Works Consulted Alton, Laura. "Masque of Red Allegory." 30 Oct.,1999. <http://www.neo.Irun.com/12stark/12smith/Netpages/Masque/alton.htm>. Bell, H.H. " The Masque of Red Death An Interpretation." South Atlantic Bulletin. 38 (Nov. 1973) 101-105. Dudley, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction. 30 (1993), 169-73. Silk, Richard D. "Poe's The Masque of Red Death". Explicator, 47(1989) 24-26. Womack, Martha. "Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of Red Death." 28 Oct. 1999. <http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/>.    Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death Essay examples -- Mas Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death      Ã‚   After reading Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of Red Death" (317-22), the reader can only conclude that death is the theme once again in another thrilling horror tale. Other critics such as Patricia H. Wheat, view this tale as a battle between life and death (51-56). Yet, Leonard Cassuto brings an interesting theory to this tale--"According to the narrator's own account, no one survives the Red Death. The only one who(lives) is Death. The narrator must be death himself" (317-20). Reflecting back to the various critical analogies on tone, character, and allegory on "The Masque of Red Death" a certain aspect of this work has yet to be defined. The plague that devastated a whole countryside could only be described. Could it be that Poe uses this fiction to chronicle his own encounters with death in his own life? To better understand this viewpoint a short summary is incorporated:    " The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it's seal-the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim was the pest ban, which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease were the incidents of half an hour" (Poe 317-22).    In this passage Poe describes a plague that death uses to take its victims. The horrific manner in which the disease appears -- bleeding at the pores, sharp pains, and seizures--can be related back to episodes in... ...Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.    Works Consulted Alton, Laura. "Masque of Red Allegory." 30 Oct.,1999. <http://www.neo.Irun.com/12stark/12smith/Netpages/Masque/alton.htm>. Bell, H.H. " The Masque of Red Death An Interpretation." South Atlantic Bulletin. 38 (Nov. 1973) 101-105. Dudley, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction. 30 (1993), 169-73. Silk, Richard D. "Poe's The Masque of Red Death". Explicator, 47(1989) 24-26. Womack, Martha. "Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of Red Death." 28 Oct. 1999. <http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/>.   

Human Potential – Of Mice And Men

In the novel Of Mice And Men, John Steinbeck Illustrates human potential and its effects on Lennie Crooks and George. Steinbeck suggests humans have the natural potential to seek happiness although the potential can be fatal or harmful. Although Lennie does not have the potential to be smart, Lennie has the potential to be a hard worker. However, Lennie s strength did not work with him and the result was fatal. Lennie is an extremely large man who had the strength of a bull. With the use of his strength, he was great worker but did not understand how strong he was. George explains Lennie s strength by: â€Å"that big bastard can put up more grain alone than most pairs can†( Steinbeck 34). Through his size and his enormous amount of strength Lennie could out work the other men of the ranch by himself. Through the use of Lennie s strength he became a great worker who knew nothing more than to work. Lennie uses his potential to work hard, but does not understand how strong he is. Without George, Lennie does not understand what to do. Lennie gets frightened and uses his strength to hold on to objects. Lennie is just like a child. He will do what ever George tells him to: â€Å"Curely was flopping like a fish on a line, and his closed fist was lost in Lennie s hand. George slapped [Lennie] in the face again and again and still Lennie held on(63). Through Lennie s actions we can see that Lennie is very similar to a child. Lennie s first instinct when he is scared is to hold on. Just as a little kid holds on to its mom or dad when they become frightened, Lennie holds on to objects. Because of Lennie s low intelligence to understand his strength, he becomes frightened and kills Curley s wife and as a result, she ends up being killed by is otential: â€Å"She took Lennie s hand and put it on her head And then she cried angrily. Lennie s fingers closed on her hair and hung on. He shook her and her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still†(91). Lennie did not understand his strength and became frightened, and once again just like just like a little child he held on. But he ended up breaking Curley s wife neck. As a result of his actions Lennie ended up dead. Lennie had an extremely great potential to use his strength and become a great worker. However his difficulty to understand his strength lead to his death. Unlike Lennie Crooks potential is his knowledge, and Crooks has the ability to use his knowledge to, try to escape the problems he has on the ranch. However Crooks falls back into a 1930s attitude and chooses to neglect his knowledge. Crooks also uses his knowledge to express his ideas and feelings to Lennie. â€Å"Books ain t no good. A guy needs somebody to be near him A guy goes nuts if ain t got nobody†. (72) Crooks is proving that he is a very knowledgeable man When around others he may chooses to use his knowledge to express his ideas and become a stronger influence. Crooks uses his wisdom to express his ideas and eelings and leave a very strong impact. Crooks has the likelihood to use his knowledge, but how he uses his wisdom will determine his fate. â€Å"I said s pose George don t come back no more. S pose he took a powder and just ain t coming back. What ll you do then? He won t do it Lennie cried. He ll come back tonight —†(71). Crooks is using his knowledge as a power trip on Lennie who does not understand what Crooks is saying. Crooks is doing this because he has never had a chance to use his knowledge in such way before, but is really abusing it. Crooks chooses to use his knowledge around Lennie. But when a higher authority is around Crooks chooses to ignore it for his own safety. â€Å"Listen nigger, [Curley s wife] said, (y)ou know what I can do to you if you open your trap? Crooks seemed to grow smaller, and he pressed himself against the wall. Yes ma am, and his voice was toneless†(80). When a higher authority is present Crooks chooses to ignore his knowledge because he is scared to speak out for fear of losing his job. Despite Crooks, knowledge he chooses to ignore it around higher authority, this ending up in a 1930 s attitude with his knowledge going to waste. Unlike Lennie or Crooks George has the potential to be his own boss. If George does not work hard enough his potential to be his own boss will be lost and his dream will be crushed. George has always wanted to be his own boss. When he sees that the potential is there, George tries to act on it. George says: â€Å"We d just go there, we wouldn t ask nobody if we could â€Å"(61). George would love to be his own boss and do his own thing, mainly because George would not have to take orders from any one. To accomplish being his own boss, George tries to save his money so that he can buy the ranch: â€Å"If me an Lennie work one onth an don t spen nothing, well have a hundred bucks† (60). To fulfill his potential to be his own boss, George says he will save his money and not spend any. If George can accomplish this he will be his own boss. When Lennie breaks Curley s wife s neck, George realizes that the potential to be his own boss is lost. Candy says: † You an me can get that little place, can t we George? Candy dropped his head and looked down at the hay. He knew†(94). Now that Lennie has broken Curley s wife s neck, George realizes that his possibility of being his own boss is gone. Without Lennie, George feels here is no hope. As a result the potential to be his own boss is lost. George has a great potential to be his own boss, but with the death of Lennie, George loses hope. George has chosen his fate to be a worker and not to be his own boss. In his novel, Of Mice And Men, John Steinbeck illustrates to us that all humans have the potential to do well, but how they use their potential will determine their fate. Lennie, Crooks and George all have one thing on their mind: to accomplish their potential and make it reality. If they do not use their potential It can a source of pain and an unfulfilled dream.

Summary and Analysis of David Mamets Play Oleanna

Summary and Analysis of David Mamets Play Oleanna Oleanna, a powerful two-character drama by David Mamet, explores the destructiveness of miscommunication and excessive political correctness. It is a play about academic politics, student/teacher relationships, and sexual harassment. Plot Overview Carol, a female college student, privately meets with her male professor. She is concerned about failing the class. She is frustrated because she doesn’t understand the professor’s overly verbose lectures. At first, the professor (John) is callous with her, but when she explains that she feels incompetent, he expresses empathy for her. He â€Å"likes her† so he bends the rules and decides to give her an â€Å"A† if she agrees to meet with him to discuss the material, one-on-one. Act One During most of Act One, the teacher is abrupt, interruptive, and distracted by continual phone calls about real estate problems. When the student does get a chance to speak, it is difficult for her to express herself clearly. Their conversation becomes personal and sometimes upsetting. He touches her shoulder on several occasions, urging her to sit down or to remain in the office. Finally, she is about to confess something deeply personal, but the phone rings yet again and she never discloses her secret. Act Two An unknown amount of time passes (probably a few days)  and John meets with Carol again. However, it is not to discuss education or philosophy. The student has written a formal complaint about the professor’s behavior. She feels that the instructor was lewd and sexist. Also, she claims that his physical contact was a form of sexual harassment. Interestingly, Carol is now very well spoken. She criticizes him with great clarity and mounting hostility. The teacher is astounded that his previous conversation was interpreted in such an offensive way. Despite John’s protests and explanations, Carol is unwilling to believe that his intentions were good. When she decides to leave, he holds her back. She becomes scared and rushes out the door, calling for help. Act Three During their final confrontation, the professor is packing up his office. He has been fired. Perhaps because he is a glutton for punishment, he invites the student back to make sense out of why she destroyed his career. Carol has now become even more powerful. She spends much of the scene pointing out her instructor’s many flaws. She declares she is not out for revenge; instead she has been prompted by â€Å"her group† to take these measures. When it is revealed that she has filed criminal charges of battery and attempted rape, things get really ugly! (But this article won’t spoil the ending for the reader.) Who Is Right? Who Is Wrong? The genius of this play is that it stimulates discussion, even arguments. Is the professor attracted to her in Act One?Does he behave inappropriately?Does he deserve to be denied tenure?What are her motives?Is she doing this simply out of spite?Is she right to claim her professor is sexist? Or is she merely over-reacting? That’s the fun of this drama; it all about the perspective of each audience member. Ultimately, both characters are deeply flawed. Throughout the play, they rarely agree or understand each other. Carol, the Student Mamet designed her character so that most of the audience will ultimately loath Carol by Act Two. The fact that she interprets his touch on the shoulder as sexual assault shows that Carol may have some issues that she does not reveal. In the final scene, she tells the professor not to call his wife â€Å"Baby.† This is Mamet’s way of showing that Carol has truly crossed a line, prompting the enraged professor to cross a line of his own. John, the Teacher John may have good intentions in Act One. However, he doesn’t seem to be a very good or wise instructor. He spends most of his time waxing eloquently about himself and very little time actually listening. He does flaunt his academic power, and he does unintentionally demean Carol by shouting, â€Å"Sit down!† and by physically trying to urge her to stay and finish their conversation. He doesn’t realize his own capacity for aggression until it is too late. Still, many audience members believe that he is completely innocent of the charges of sexual harassment and attempted rape. Ultimately, the student possesses an underlying deviousness. The teacher, on the other hand, is overtly pompous and foolish. Together they make a very dangerous combination.

How To Use the Two German Past Tenses

How To Use the Two German Past Tenses Although both English and German use the  simple past tense  (Imperfekt) and the  present perfect tense  (Perfekt) to talk about past events, there are some major differences in the way each language uses these tenses. If you need to know more about the structure and grammar of these tenses, see the links below. Here we will focus on when and how to use each past tense in German. The Simple Past  (Imperfekt) Well start with the so-called simple past because its simple. Actually, its called simple because its a one-word tense (hatte,  ging,  sprach,  machte) and isnt a compound tense like the present perfect (hat gehabt,  ist gegangen,  habe gesprochen,  haben gemacht). To be precise and technical, the  Imperfekt  or narrative past tense refers to a past event that is not yet fully completed (Latin  perfect), but I have never seen how this applies to its actual use in German in any practical way. However, it is sometimes useful to think of the narrative past as being used to describe a series of connected events in the past, i.e., a narrative. This is in contrast to the present perfect described below, which (technically) is used to describe isolated events in the past. Used less in conversation and more in print/writing, the simple past, narrative past, or imperfect tense is often described as the more formal of the two basic past tenses in German and it is found primarily in books and newspapers. Therefore, with a few important exceptions, for the average learner it is more important to recognize and be able to read the simple past than to use it. (Such exceptions include helping verbs such as  haben,  sein,  werden, the modal verbs, and few others, whose simple past tense forms are often used in conversation as well as written German.) The German simple past tense may have several English equivalents. A phrase such as, er spielte Golf, can be translated into English as: he was playing golf, he used to play golf, he played golf, or he did play golf, depending on the context. As a general rule, the farther south you go in German Europe, the less the simple past is used in conversation. Speakers in Bavaria and Austria are more likely to say, Ich bin in London gewesen, rather than Ich war in London. (I was in London.) They view the simple past as more aloof and cold than the present perfect, but you should not be overly concerned about such details. Both forms are correct and most German-speakers are thrilled when a foreigner can speak their language at all! Just remember this simple rule for the simple past: it is used mostly for narration in books, newspapers, and written texts, less in conversation. Which brings us to the next German past tense... The Present Perfect  (Perfekt) The present perfect is a compound (two-word) tense formed by combining an auxiliary (helping) verb with the past participle. Its name comes from the fact that the present tense form of the auxiliary verb is used, and the word perfect, which, as we mentioned above, is Latin for done/completed. (The  past perfect  [pluperfect,  Plusquamperfekt] uses the simple past tense of the auxiliary verb.) This particular German past tense form is also known as the conversational past, reflecting its primary use in conversational, spoken German. Because the present perfect or conversational past is used in spoken German, it is important to learn how this tense is formed and used. However, just as the simple past is not used exclusively in print/writing, neither is the present perfect used only for spoken German. The present perfect (and past perfect) is also used in newspapers and books, but not as often as the simple past. Most grammar books tell you that the German present perfect is used to indicate that something is finished at the time of speaking or that a completed past event has results that continue into the present. That can be useful to know, but it is more important to recognize some of the major differences in the way the present perfect is used in German and English. For instance, if you want to express, I used to live in Munich in German, you can say, Ich habe in Mà ¼nchen gewohnt. - a completed event (you no longer live in Munich). On the other hand, if you want to say, I have lived/have been living in Munich for ten years, you cant use the perfect tense (or any past tense) because youre talking about an event in the present (you are still living in Munich). So German uses the present tense (with  schon seit) in this situation: Ich wohne schon seit zehn Jahren in Mà ¼nchen, literally I live since ten years in Munich. (A sentence structure that Germans sometimes mistakenly use when going from German to English!) English-speakers also need to understand that a German present perfect phrase such as, er hat Geige gespielt, can be translated into English as: he has played (the) violin, he used to play (the) violin, he played (the) violin, he was playing (the) violin, or even he did play (the) violin, depending on the context. In fact, for a sentence such as, Beethoven hat nur eine Oper komponiert, it would only be correct to translate it into the English simple past, Beethoven composed only one opera, rather than the English present perfect, Beethoven has composed only one opera. (The latter incorrectly implies that Beethoven is still alive and composing.)

Honduras

Honduras is located in Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Guatemala and Nicaragua. It also borders the North Pacific Ocean, between El Salvador and Nicaragua. It is 112,090 square kilometers; 820 of which is coastline. It is slightly larger than Tennessee. The capital of Honduras is Tegucigalpa. The climate is subtropical in the lowlands and temperate in the mountains. The terrain is mostly mountains in the interior and narrow coastal plains. The type of government is a democratic constitutional republic. The three largest cities are Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, and La Ceiba. The people inhabiting Honduras are called Hondurans. The Honduran flag has three equal horizontal bands of blue, whit, and blue with five blue pointed stars in an X pattern on the white band. The stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America; which were Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and In the times preceding the Spanish Conquest, Central America was served as a bridge between the indigenous people of North and South America. It was the meeting place for many different cultures. Sometime in 1508, Vicente Yanez and Juan Diaz de Solis followed Columbus to the New World. They had found Honduras, but after Columbus did and they did not know he had already found and named it. They got there and renamed it as Cabo de Honduras which means Cape of the Deep Waters. But now it is simplified to only Honduras. The Spanish empire set up a permanent residence in Honduras in 1524 when Hernan Cortes instructed Cristobal de Olid to claim Triunfo de la Cruz. Other people followed and founded their own communties. It made one of the greatest struggles for power the world has ever seen. The native Indians rebelled against the Spanish colonization with an army of their own. The army was unde...

Interim Report on Career Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Interim Report on Career Management - Essay Example At this juncture the chief executive officer would like his employees to go for professional certifications and hence the need of the ‘advice and guidance clinic’ where a free and fair discussion can be obtained. I have the charge of running this clinic. Career Management: The concept of career management is very crucial to the individual and as well as to the organization. To the organization this is important because if the employee is not happy with his designated role then the company might face problem like attrition and inefficiency. Also employees have the tendency to add knowledge and increase their market value in job market. Many of the employees feel that they sacrifice a lot for the organization, the important question that arises is do they get back what they give Another important issue which arises is that can the expectation of the employees be compensated by the company. Moreover many organizations expect supreme commitment and performance and attach a performance related pay for their work. But the organization essentially deals with humans and not all of them can be encouraged to give the best with monetary rewards. Also, it is extremely important for the organization to know what an individual feels about his/her career. This evaluation is subjective. The individual thinks whether he is the best person for the job or not. He also tends to compare himself with his fellow colleagues Career management is important to answer these crucial questions. It is important as it helps us to adjust with the fast changes that have taken place over time. Career management tries to bring together the organization’s and individual’s expectations and tries to find a match. It tries to relate historical events to subjective experience The reason why career management is important today is that many people have to stay back in office for long hours as a result they find it difficult to maintain

Integrated Marketing Communication Plan For Prada Essay

Integrated Marketing Communication Plan For Prada - Essay Example Prada’s daughter took over the leadership of the company in 1978 and with the help of Patrizio Bertelli, they transformed the image of Prada. Prada began to design classic handbags and by the 1980’s, the Prada’s designed outstanding fabrics that revolutionised the runway. This enhanced the company’s image in the market and in the 1990s, Prada became a force in the fashion industry (Prada Group, 2012). Prada invested in innovations for her designs throughout the 1990s and experimented with different fabrics to reach more customers. Prada has been expanding the range of products and expanding to different countries across world. Prada runs many boutiques across the globe and has expanded its products to include perfumes and the LG Prada mobile phone. Prada’s shoes and handbags have gained much popularity across the globe. Prada holds regular runway shows as well. One of Prada’s expansion strategies has been taking over other companies such as H elmut Lang, Fendi, Church Shoes and Jil Sander (Prada Group, 2012). Target market An organisation’s target market determines the most appropriates medium of communicating its marketing messages. Segmenting this target market enables an organisation to identify the most profitable category of potential and existing consumers (Smith & Taylor, 2004, p. 37). Each segment of the target market has its own unique consumption patterns and needs. An effective marketing plan integrates these needs and consumptions. Segmenting the target market helps an organisation to allocate its resources efficiently and derive maximum benefits from each segment (Smith & Zook, 2011, p. 229). Prada designs high fashion clothes, handbags and accessories. The company’s designs are displayed in major fashion shows and runways across the globe. Thus, the target market for Prada’s designs includes professionals, business men and women, and celebrities. This target market can afford to buy Pra da’s products. Demographic segmentation Demographic segmentation involves categorising the target market based on the demographic characteristics of consumers such as their social status, age, family size, occupation, level of income, education, nationality, religion and gender among others (Botha, Strydom, & Brink, 2005, p.66). Prada can segment its target market on gender and develop different marketing messages for men and women. Most of its designs are for women and thus, most of Prada’s marketing resources should be geared towards women. Prada’s customers can also be categorised based on their social status. Marketing messages should target individuals with high social status because they can afford Prada’s fashion designs. The company’s marketing communication plan targets customers from all nationalities. This is because the company has stores in different cities and countries and part of the communication will be online. Prada will target i ndividuals between 20-50 years. Psychographic segmentation Psychographic segmentation involves dividing customers based on the lifestyles habits, interests, activities, opinions towards an organisation and its products and daily activities among others (Lamb, Hair, McDaniel, 2008, p. 242). Prada will focus its marketing messages to impulse buyers, celebrities, and successful individuals. These categories of consumers are likely to purchase Prada’s designs for their elegance and social status associated with the designs. Behavioural Segmentation Behavioural segmentation invo

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 69

Assignment Example Fed can purchase government either securities or lowers current reserve rations. In doing so, interest rates will fall and hence bringing the economy back to full employment. Suppose on observing that there is excess money supply in the economy, Fed will use open market operations to try to reduce the excess supply. Sales of government securities contract the assets accessible to lend and tend to increase the federal funds rate. Policymakers call this contractionary monetary policy or tightening. The Fed is targeting an interest rate level that would enable it achieves and controls its goal for employment. Economic growth, interest rate stability, and inflation can hit this rate target by choosing an appropriate value of money supply that will equate to money for equilibrium conditions in the capital market. The sale of government securities leads to a decrease in money supply from MS1 to MS2 in the economy. As a result, the current reserve ratio increase and hence putting an upward pressure on the Fed interest rate (Setterfield 105-116). Therefore, contracting policy results in the increase in interest rates from R1 to R2 and hence the cost of borrowing from commercial banks increases discouraging borrowing. When Fed sells government securities, it reduces money supply in the economy. The fall in money supply results in an increase in interest rates to R2. The increase in the interest rates reduces the level of aggregate demand and investment to I2 and hence a reduction in real GDP. As soon as the economy is in the recessionary gap, the Fed will implement an expansionary monetary policy to upsurge money supply in the market through three monetary policy instruments. By buying government securities and bonds, the Fed target will be to reduce the interest rate level. Moreover, it can lower the reserve rate or lessen the discount rate. The move will lead to a reduction in lending rates; hence, commercial banks will be encouraged borrowing

Team Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Team Management - Essay Example Therefore, teams enable the individual members to bring into their teams special skills and knowledge, different experience as well as diverse cultural exposure. Teams also allow for a speedy communication process as feedback can be achieved in short periods of time (Cranny, Smith, & Stone, 1992). Mullins, (2005) identifies some potential problems in teams as conflicts which arise due to differences in individual's way of doing things, poor leadership of the team if especially the mode of communication the team adopts is very centralised. Cranny, Smith, and Stone, (1992) identifies personality differences as another cause of team failure given the fact that individuals may fail to work together if they have major or irreconcilable personality differences. If a team lacks clear focus for its aims and objectives there is always a likelihood that such teams may end up failing to achieve the very goals they were formed to achieve. Therefore the management has a role in team building especially through encouraging collective responsibility amongst team members. Teams cannot function in an environment free from conflicts and therefore the only way to achieve team goals and objectives is by engaging in effective conflict resolution strategies through strengthening of teams. Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, (2005) defines a team as a formal group of people working together with an aim of achieving common goals. Teams are important in that, they improve performance in an organization, they enhance communication and they make an organization more competitive in that they draw from a wide range of talent. On the other hand, groups are less formal and less coherent and thrive best outside the organisation and whenever groups exist within the organisation, it is usually in a non formal setting. This paper looks at conflicts in teams as the single most threat to team survival and team spirit. In addition, the paper outlines as well as analyzes conflict management process in teams. Business organizations are constantly striving to achieve efficiency and effectiveness on the part of the work force. The numerous challenges organizations are faced with such as ; competitor activity and unfavorable business environment all play a very important role in determining the success of the organization. Of all resources an organisation has in its disposal none is perhaps as relevant and important to the success of the organisation than the human resources. Human resources if managed well hold the key to the success of the organization. According to Cranny, Smith, and Stone, (1992) human resources output is higher when the employee's function as a team than it is the case when employees function in their individual units. A synergetic effect is what results when organizations embrace team spirit. However, creating functional and efficient teams' calls for expertise, tolerance and a lot of motivation on the part of the organization. Teams enable employees to exploit their potential and therefore increase job performance. A team consists of members with diverse experience, skills and

Media and Religion in Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media and Religion in Conflict - Essay Example serious issues, news of other areas like entertainment, spiritual or religious etc are primarily targeted for the common man who can relax and rejuvenate with the information. I therefore, disagree with slinger’s assertion. Religion is intrinsic part of one’s life and is primarily used as a guideline for leading a moral and ethical life. Slinger’s claim that television has subverted the value system of contemporary society is biased not because as Postman (1987) says that it redefines the truth but mainly due to the fact that but for the television, world would not have known about the 9/11 catastrophe or quickly brought help to the victims of natural disasters from all corners of the world and habilitate them in the shortest possible time. The television news, howsoever gross they may be, nevertheless inform public about what is going on different part of the world. Newman (1996) says that some Christians are of the view that selective religious news should be broadcast. Their major fear is that television distorts news so how will one know if the selective news is correct? There are wide variety of channels that show all kind of shows, some may be offensive but then it becomes one’s choice to see it or not. One can exercise one’s choice according to one’s religious guidelines. In fact, television becomes one of the best critics to test one’s sincerity in one’s religion. If the person can be swayed by the images or content of the television, then religion plays not so significant role in his/her life. Television is the mirror of society and reflects its values and hence, cannot be antithetical to religious

Team Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Team Management - Essay Example Therefore, teams enable the individual members to bring into their teams special skills and knowledge, different experience as well as diverse cultural exposure. Teams also allow for a speedy communication process as feedback can be achieved in short periods of time (Cranny, Smith, & Stone, 1992). Mullins, (2005) identifies some potential problems in teams as conflicts which arise due to differences in individual's way of doing things, poor leadership of the team if especially the mode of communication the team adopts is very centralised. Cranny, Smith, and Stone, (1992) identifies personality differences as another cause of team failure given the fact that individuals may fail to work together if they have major or irreconcilable personality differences. If a team lacks clear focus for its aims and objectives there is always a likelihood that such teams may end up failing to achieve the very goals they were formed to achieve. Therefore the management has a role in team building especially through encouraging collective responsibility amongst team members. Teams cannot function in an environment free from conflicts and therefore the only way to achieve team goals and objectives is by engaging in effective conflict resolution strategies through strengthening of teams. Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, (2005) defines a team as a formal group of people working together with an aim of achieving common goals. Teams are important in that, they improve performance in an organization, they enhance communication and they make an organization more competitive in that they draw from a wide range of talent. On the other hand, groups are less formal and less coherent and thrive best outside the organisation and whenever groups exist within the organisation, it is usually in a non formal setting. This paper looks at conflicts in teams as the single most threat to team survival and team spirit. In addition, the paper outlines as well as analyzes conflict management process in teams. Business organizations are constantly striving to achieve efficiency and effectiveness on the part of the work force. The numerous challenges organizations are faced with such as ; competitor activity and unfavorable business environment all play a very important role in determining the success of the organization. Of all resources an organisation has in its disposal none is perhaps as relevant and important to the success of the organisation than the human resources. Human resources if managed well hold the key to the success of the organization. According to Cranny, Smith, and Stone, (1992) human resources output is higher when the employee's function as a team than it is the case when employees function in their individual units. A synergetic effect is what results when organizations embrace team spirit. However, creating functional and efficient teams' calls for expertise, tolerance and a lot of motivation on the part of the organization. Teams enable employees to exploit their potential and therefore increase job performance. A team consists of members with diverse experience, skills and

Who are the nations who threaten our, Americas, standing in the world Research Paper

Who are the nations who threaten our, Americas, standing in the world market place - Research Paper Example While the United States is still the largest economy in the world, it faces challenges from global competitors. China, Japan, India and Germany are all countries that have gained ground on the United States in recent years and continue to do so. China, in particular, has proved to be a looming threat. It pulled out of the global recession much sooner than did the United States, due to a myriad of factors. Moreover, the people of China still lag behind the rest of the world in terms of wealth, therefore China is reliant upon the world market for its growth. This is the reason why China has carried an enormous trade balance with the United States. Japan, once a large threat, is now much less of one, as China has surpassed it in recent months in terms of the size of the economy, and Japan continues to have troubles due to the recent disasters. India is growing as well, and, like China, has a problem in that its citizenry is not as prosperous as more developed countries. Germany, meanwhi le, probably presents the least threat of all the countries examined here, as it has grown in recent months, but this growth has been driven by its domestic sector, not the world market. China While the United States and most of the world remain mired in the worst economic slowdown in decades, China remains relatively unscathed. In fact, it posted a gross domestic product growth rate of 7.1% for the first half of 2009, and its economy expanded by 10% in 2010 (â€Å"China Economy Hums Along as U.S. Remains Mired in Recession†). ... overseas investments (Ford), and the fact that Chinese banks are controlled by the Chinese government, which eases the flow of lending (â€Å"China Economy Hums Along as U.S. Remains Mired in Recession†). However, one of the most important factors that sets China apart is its economic stimulus plan (Reyes), that was more successful than the U.S.'s similar stimulus plan, in large part because China did not have the existing debt that the United States did prior to enacting the stimulus plan (Lau). The example set by the Chinese might be able to be emulated by the United States and other countries, however, since China has a unique set of circumstances, it is improbable that other countries can duplicate its success. At any rate, China seems poised to bring the rest of the world out of recession, when, in prior recessions, the United States has led the way (Schwartz). The great untapped potential in Chinese domestic consumption are the rural areas, whose consumption lag behind u rban areas by 10 years (Reyes). This, in large part, is because of the great income disparity between the two sectors, and because rural residents are compelled to save because of the current lack of a reliable social security system and the fact that over 99% of rural residents do not have health insurance (Reyes). China's contributions to insurance and pensions should therefore help in increasing the ability of the rural residents to consume. This increase in consumption will, in turn, offset the decrease in exports and presumably make China less dependent on the export market, thereby stabilizing China's economy (Reyes). Indeed, China is currently entering a period where they are poised to increase their consumption levels substantially, purchasing their first automobiles and first commercially

Degree Plan Essay Essay Example for Free

Degree Plan Essay Essay For the last sixteen years I have been working as a professional. In my current professional environment I have found that advancement is limited without some type of degree on your resume. In speaking with my colleagues I have heard many good things about the degree programs offered by ESC CDL. Prior to this application I have participated in two non matriculated classes to both familiarize myself with the online style and to gauge if I was ready to attend college. I have chosen to continue with ESC due to the extreme ease of the online course structure and the willingness of the faculty to assist in any way. I have worked very hard over the last sixteen years to achieve the success that I have obtained. I started my career as a production operator and have excelled at every position I have held. Through my work I have attained the current position of Manager. I am currently in charge of a maintenance department with sixteen direct reports and have also been given the responsibility of a six million dollar budget. With these added responsibilities comes the need to further educate myself to stay relevant and up-to-date. My ambition is to become an Operations Manager which controls all facets of a manufacturing facility. This will not be possible without continued education. This would first require more management skills and a good understanding of how business works. This is the driving force for me to join the college ranks and earn first, an Associates Degree and second, hopefully, a Bachelors Degree. My skill set has been mostly geared toward the technical aspects of my field of choice (maintenance). I have only earned a high school diploma along with many trade certificates and trainings. I have always been one that learns quickly and adapts to change very well. My personal time for the last ten years has been spent developing the minds and nurturing my two wonderful sons whom are now nine and eight. They have become the driving force behind my community involvement which has included coaching their soccer and baseball teams. I have found this to be the most rewarding and special moments in my life. I have found it to be an important step in my development as a man. All of this has brought me to the conclusion that continuing my learning would be most beneficial not only for myself, but will help in showing my sons how important a real education is. Thank you for the opportunity and I look forward to any and all feed back received through this communication.

A Walk to Remember by Nicholas Sparks

A Walk to Remember by Nicholas Sparks â€Å"A Walk to Remember â€Å" Nicholas Sparks, one of the New York Time Best Selling Author wrote his third novel entitled A Walk to Remember. It had been published in the year 1999 of October under Warner Books. The book is about the story of a 57 year old guy, and how he found his greatest love back when his seventeen. He tells how this love changes him in a way he didnt think he should be. The novel is written dedicated to his family, especially to his sister Danielle Sparks Lewis who become his inspiration in writing the novel. The story is fictional but some scenes are based on real life situation. He applied the experience of its own sister. Synopsis: The story is about a guy named Landon Carter, who is at the age of 57. It’s about how his life changes back when he was seventeen. He was Landon a reclusive guy, but everything changes when he asked Jamie Sullivan to be his date on their school party. Jamie is a good girl. She always carries a bible and always wore her ugly sweater. They are totally different but love is really great. The day he came to ask Jamie, he didnt know that it will be the start of something new. Something he didnt look forward to happen. On how he fall in love with someone named Jamie Sullivan. Reaction: The first time Ive got interested about A Walk to Remember is when Im in my third year of high school. I always read stories in wattpad and the author always mention it. They said that it was a great movie which inspired them to write their own stories. That time I didnt know it was a novel because they always mentioned it as a movie. I got a chance to watch it during my senior high, indeed it was great. Now, I needed to critic its book. At first, I didnt want to read it because I already know the flow of the story. Whats the use right? But as Ive read the book, I realized that I was so wrong. The movie is truly different from the book. Yes, it has the same concept but the flows of the scenes are entirely different. There are also some scenes that are informational which wasnt shown in the movie. Reading the novel is better than watching its film. You only need to imagine that youre on the story, and imagine everything that is happening. I was astounded on how this novel makes me feel the same emotion when I watch its movie. I even think Ive shown more emotion now that I read it. It feels like it was all brand new. I can still remember this quotation from the book, â€Å"Love is always patient and kind. It is never jealous. Love is never rude or selfish. It does not take offense and is not resentful. Love takes no pleasure in other peoples sins, but delights in the truth. It is always ready to excuse, to trust, to hope, and endure whatever comes. This has been my favorite line from the novel. That wasnt a simple quotation, it has a deeper meaning. It gives as an idea on what we need to do with our life. We must know the real purpose why we are living here, in this place. We are not here to focus on ourselves but for us to be part of the others life. To give them happiness, hope, and wisdom is our role in this world. A Walk to Remember wants us to remind that everything has its own purposes. Our life is always on God’s hand. You just need to have faith in him and surrender everything to him. For sure, everything will takes place. This story show how great can love is. Nothing is impossible that even miracle do come true. Conclusion: A remarkable book had been written again by Nicholas Sparks. He really knows how to touch our hearts. He has showed us the essence of life. On how powerful what we call love, that it can even do some miracle. This novel is a must read one. It has a theme that everyone can relate with. Film Review â€Å"Dead Poet Society† Dead Poets Society is a film directed by Peter Weir. This drama film was shown during 1989 starring Robin Williams. The story shows on how a teacher can live a great impact to his students. And how can he change the perception of his students. He also tells his student on why they need to seize the day. Characters: Protagonist Robin Williams as Mr. John Keating Ethan Hawke as Todd Anderson Robert Sean Leonard as Neil Perry Josh Charles as Knox Overstreet Dylan Kussman as Richard Cameron Allelon Ruggiero as Steven Meeks James Waterston as Gerard Pitts Gale Hansen as Charlie Dalton Antagonist Norman Lloyd as Gale Nolan Kurtwood Smith as Mr. Perry Synopsis: The story started during the time 1959. There is this guy named Todd Anderson who will take his senior high at Walton Academy. Walton Academy is a school for elite which offer prep boarding. Fortunately, his roommate is one of the most promising students at their school. Neil Perry became his roommate and the friend of Neil accepted him in their group. They are Calm Knox, Richard Cameron, Steven Meeks, Gerard Pitts, and Charlie Dalton. At the first day of their class, they were surprised by Mr. John Keating. He is their new teacher in English which is an alumnus of Walton. This educator has a different way of teaching his student. While having their lesson, he asked his students to stand on the desk, he even let them walk in a courtyard with their own way. Keating also instruct them to reap out the pages of their book in poetry. He was the one who motivated the boys to see the world in a different perspective and seize every day of their life. Reaction: Gather ye rosebuds while ye may. The Latin term for this is carpe diem means seize the day. An extraordinary life to be with, an abundant life. A movie that turns some of my perceptions upside down. Not a simply film but a wake-up call for everyone. A call for makeover. I adore Dead Poets Society for the reason that beyond the appearance is the thought of passion and a purpose driven life. It thought me that achieving all of my goals in life is not just the center of everything because if there is a great things surely there will also be greater and greatest things in life. Invisible by naked eyes but clearly seen by the heart. Just what Mr. Keating said, Yes indeed it is a battle of war and the casualties could be our hearts and souls. I was amazed at every scene because it was my first experience watching a film wherein my focus is not on the characters but what they want to import. I was also caught by this question, What will your verse be? Really, I meditate these words and asked myself if what verse I can contribute to this play. To learn from the experience of the past, to forget what is behind and to savor every moment. Poetry is more than poetry, beyond them is the life. One of the lessons I learn is that we do have different voices and I must strive to find my own voice. Maybe some people find the Dead Poets Society film a weird one but for me as I focus my attention on it, thousands of my emotions is on slide and I cant explain it through words but all I can express is that it is splendid. We must seize every step we take. In our final moments we all realize what life is all about. Dont wait until youre on your deathbed to figure out what matters most. To look things in different way, it’s not really a risk but an adventure and maybe by trying the things we thought is silly can be the better one. Stop acting and show who we really are and what the desires of our hearts are. We can go anywhere and can do anything and were not trapped in this life. Conclusion: I have watched many films but this one is something different. Tough I may say that the quality of the movie is not that good, maybe because it has been shown long time ago, but the message they want to convey is clear. It is something we need to remember and apply in our daily life. It was so interesting, touching, and knowledgeable. As a future mentor, we must really watch this kind of movie. This movie will help educator to understand his/her students. It will give us idea on how to handle and how to have a good relationship with your students. Someday, when I become a teacher, I will try my best to be Mr. John Keating to my class.

Abortion By RU486 :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Dangers inherent in this method of abortion are evident in precautions used in other countries, for example France. The Food and Drug Administration based its 1996 finding that drug-induced abortion using mifepristone and misoprostol ("M/M") was "safe and effective" on results involving a subgroup of women (1,681) in French trials. M/M abortions in France are performed at government-operated hospitals and clinics, typically with or adjacent to emergency room facilities. Women are screened for numerous medical conditions that rule out use of the two drugs. Ultrasound is used to determine gestational age and to rule out tubal pregnancy. After women are given prostaglandin (e.g., misoprostol), they are monitored on site for approximately four hours so that allergic reactions, cardiopulmonary "events," hemorrhaging and the like can be treated promptly before they become life-threatening. A 1990 directive jointly signed by the French Republic's Director General of Health, Director of Hospitals and Director of Pharmacy and Medication, states that whenever prostaglandins are given "in association with RU 486" the "following technical conditions ... are indispensable and are to be followed: ... b) The doctor must ensure that diagnostic instruments and machines are close by, such as electrocardiogram equipment and particularly resuscitative cardiopulmonary equipment (including nitrous oxide and injectable calcium antagonists and a fibrillator). ... c) [C]linical observations and blood-pressure readings every half hour are indispensable for several hours following the administration of these drugs. d) Whenever there is ches t pain, an electrocardiogram should be taken on the suspicion of rhythm troubles and in case of significant lowering of blood pressure" ("Letter"). In Sweden, women are "supervised by the midwife for 4 to 6 hours at the outpatient clinic" (Bygdeman). In China "the emphasis on close medical supervision is well accepted. ... It is stressed that misoprostol should be taken in the clinic and followed by several hours of observation" (Wu). The long observation is one reason that staffs in some large hospitals in China are growing reluctant to prescribe the drug combination: "The number of medical abortions has decreased recently in some of the large hospitals. The staffs were too busy to handle the procedure (more counseling, more visits, and observation), and they also have to manage the referred cases with serious side effects and complications" (Wu 199). Searle, which manufactures misoprostol under the brand name Cytotec, has consistently opposed the use of Cytotec for labor induction and for

Arguing for Authenticity: A Comparison and Contrast of Two American Mod

â€Å"[F]uture commentators on American poetry and political issues will not be able to ignore the †¦ authentic voice of the region,† argues Barry Ahearn, author of the article Poetry: 1900 to the 1940s, which discusses the importance of the author writing about his or her region of choice in their poetry and how it affects their writing (Ahearn 373). Ahearn discusses writers such as Sterling A. Brown, Langston Hughes, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), Robert Frost, Robinson Jeffers, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Lorine Niedecker, George Oppen, John Crowe Ransom, Charles Rezikoff, Muriel Rukeyser, Gertrude Stine, Wallace Stevens, Sara Teasdale, William Carlos Williams, and Louis Zukofksy. The purpose of mentioning so many, claims Ahearn, is to gather a survey of works between 1900 and the 1940s. The discussion of these writers creates a wide range of Modernist authors that influenced each other and the people who read their works; the author claims that the authenticity of t he writer is what creates a more accurate work of literature and the life experiences of these authors is the material that adds to their writing as a whole. Robert Frost and Langston Hughes are regional writers that focus on specific places but have similar qualities in their poems that transcend the locale. Two poems will be discussed that exemplify these qualities: â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening† with â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost and â€Å"Theme for English B† with â€Å"Visitors to the Black Belt† by Langston Hughes. Modernist Poetry involves a movement away from the self and the emotions of the individual. Typically, the focus of Modernist poetry revolves around the rational notions of the self, unlike the Romantic period, which focused on the poet. Modernist poets ex... ...olarship 2004.1 (2006): 385. EDS Foundation Index. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. Frost, Robert. â€Å"Birches.† The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th. Vol. D. Ed. Leffelholz, Mary. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 1400-1402. Print. Frost, Robert. â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.† The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th. Vol. D. Ed. Leffelholz, Mary. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 1403. Print. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Theme for English B.† The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th. Vol. D. Ed. Leffelholz, Mary. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 2036. Print. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Visitors to the Black Belt.† The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th.Vol. D. Ed. Leffelholz, Mary. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 2032. Print. Leffelholz, Mary. The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th. D. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 1177-1191. Print. Arguing for Authenticity: A Comparison and Contrast of Two American Mod â€Å"[F]uture commentators on American poetry and political issues will not be able to ignore the †¦ authentic voice of the region,† argues Barry Ahearn, author of the article Poetry: 1900 to the 1940s, which discusses the importance of the author writing about his or her region of choice in their poetry and how it affects their writing (Ahearn 373). Ahearn discusses writers such as Sterling A. Brown, Langston Hughes, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), Robert Frost, Robinson Jeffers, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Lorine Niedecker, George Oppen, John Crowe Ransom, Charles Rezikoff, Muriel Rukeyser, Gertrude Stine, Wallace Stevens, Sara Teasdale, William Carlos Williams, and Louis Zukofksy. The purpose of mentioning so many, claims Ahearn, is to gather a survey of works between 1900 and the 1940s. The discussion of these writers creates a wide range of Modernist authors that influenced each other and the people who read their works; the author claims that the authenticity of t he writer is what creates a more accurate work of literature and the life experiences of these authors is the material that adds to their writing as a whole. Robert Frost and Langston Hughes are regional writers that focus on specific places but have similar qualities in their poems that transcend the locale. Two poems will be discussed that exemplify these qualities: â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening† with â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost and â€Å"Theme for English B† with â€Å"Visitors to the Black Belt† by Langston Hughes. Modernist Poetry involves a movement away from the self and the emotions of the individual. Typically, the focus of Modernist poetry revolves around the rational notions of the self, unlike the Romantic period, which focused on the poet. Modernist poets ex... ...olarship 2004.1 (2006): 385. EDS Foundation Index. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. Frost, Robert. â€Å"Birches.† The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th. Vol. D. Ed. Leffelholz, Mary. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 1400-1402. Print. Frost, Robert. â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.† The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th. Vol. D. Ed. Leffelholz, Mary. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 1403. Print. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Theme for English B.† The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th. Vol. D. Ed. Leffelholz, Mary. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 2036. Print. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Visitors to the Black Belt.† The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th.Vol. D. Ed. Leffelholz, Mary. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 2032. Print. Leffelholz, Mary. The Norton Anthology Of American Literature. 7th. D. New York: Norton & Company, 2007. 1177-1191. Print.

Shareholder Activism Essay

Can shareholder activism actually deliver the desired change? Introduction The increasing awareness of shareholders and their level of importance to the modern organisation have raised multiple questions as to the potential role which shareholders can play in influencing the decision making of the management team and their willingness to engage with a broad range of stakeholders. Where shareholders have an impact to any degree, this is referred to as shareholder activism and is largely described as being the role that shareholders play in dominating the decisions made by management teams (Bainbridge, 1995). Whilst it is readily accepted that shareholders own the company, whereas directors manage the company, there has historically been a misapprehension that shareholders are simply interested in the financial profits that the company produces. It is argued in this paper that this is not the case and shareholders are becoming much more involved in ensuring a balanced approach and that organisations have a wider awareness of issues such as corporate social re sponsibility (Schacht, 1995). The purpose of this paper is to consider whether or not this type of shareholder activism can actually be seen to be delivering a positive change, specifically in the area of corporate social responsibility. In order to look at this issue and the development of CSR, shareholder activism in its entirety needs to be looked at, before then considering the legal regime which encourages such activism and any specific cases that are relevant, before drawing conclusions on the key question. Shareholder activism – the Theoretical Perspective The management of an organisation has, for a long time, accepted that the performance of a business is down to them and that, if the shareholders are unhappy about the performance or the returns of the business they may potentially walk away from the organisation or the position of the manager may be in jeopardy. Where shareholders take this type of action on board, it can be suggested that shareholder activism is in operation. Broadly speaking, there are several key reasons why which investors may pursue the shareholder activist approach. Firstly, shareholder activism occurs in order to procure a better return on shareholder investment; secondly, to ensure that the company pursues a different corporate strategy that will ultimately improve performance and profitability, a key example of this being the suggestion that the company should demerge; thirdly, to make changes in the management team; fourthly in order to pursue some form of special interest, such as a social and ethical agenda (it is this agenda which will be looked at in more detail in the paper below). Finally, shareholder activism is undertaken to influence the outcome of some form of corporate agenda that has already been pursued (Tarrow, 1994). Shareholders have always had the option of essentially voting with their feet, when they disapprove of the decisions of the management team. For example, they can simply sell their shares, where traditionally the criticisms of management decisions would take place in private, with shareholders simply moving away when they were displeased. Although the concept of shareholder activism is not necessarily new, in recent years, it has certainly increased in its operation and become much more prevalent. Examples of recent shareholder activism include action by an institutional investor, Knight Vinke Asset Management which lobbied for changes in the HSBC strategy, or in Tesco where shareholders became involved in demanding changes in working conditions relating to clothes’ suppliers in Asia. Interestingly, shareholder activism does not depend on the size of the market, with shareholder activism being a tool that can be used in any type of organisation. Those holding shares are also potentially able to act in this way and therefore this lends a considerably more diverse meaning to the notion of shareholder activism, which can be derived from a much broader range of sources (Roe, 2003). With this potential diversity in mind, the next step is to look at the tools that are available for the activist shareholder and to identify the statutory basis upon which such action can take place. Legal Basis One of the key statutory powers which are available in order to support shareholder activism is that of the Companies Act 2006 (the Act). This Act lays down the legal framework which enables a shareholder to exercise any of their legal rights when they are pursuing an activist agenda. The precise options available to the shareholder will depend on the type of company in which they hold shares; for example, there are different rights attached to public companies. For the purpose of this analysis, all potential legal rights will be looked at and it should be borne in mind that these may not always be available, particularly to shareholders of private companies (Warneryd, 2005). In accordance with sections 303 to 305 of the Act, shareholders are able to call a general meeting. This is a strong element of the shareholder activism as it provides members with a platform in which they can make their requirements known. In the aftermath of the Shareholder Rights Directive 2009, members and groups of shareholders representing a minimum of 5% of the public companies voting rights are able to demand that the directors call a general meeting of the company. Similarly, where the directors choose to convene a general meeting there are rules associated with giving notice to the individual shareholders. This allows shareholders the opportunity to bring a platform upon which to discuss their own issues. Secondly, in accordance with sections 314 – 317, members with a shareholding of at least 5% or shareholders or that have at least 100 shares with an average of at least ?100 per member are entitled to demand that the company circulates a statement to shareholders of up to 1,000 words regarding a proposed resolution or any other business that is going to take place at the meeting. This again provides the shareholders with the information that they need in order to be potentially active. It is also noted that beneficial owners of shares can count towards the threshold in order to meet the 5% trigger (Belloc and Pagano, 2009). As well as the ability to gain access to the meeting and information in relation to the meeting, shareholders are also entitled to be active within the meeting itself. In accordance with section 338, shareholders holding a total of 5% shares can propose a resolution, a strategy that was used by the investor â€Å"efficient capital structures† but they required a resolution as part of the 2007 AGM of Vodafone plc to pursue a specific strategy. Furthermore, section 168 provides shareholders with the ability to propose the removal of the directors. Arguably, this is one of the greater sanctions available to shareholders, from the perspective of the individual directors. Where this process is being initiated, special notice of 28 days must be given of the intention to propose this resolution and to reasonably work in line with the articles of association of the company (Filatotchev, et al 2006). Importantly, section 116 of the Act allows any shareholders to gain access to the shareholder register which then may offer them the opportunity for the shareholders to join forces in order to deal with a particular agenda, making the ability to reach the 5% thresholds somewhat easier. There are, however, requirements for shareholders to ensure that when they are canvassing support they are doing so for the proper purpose. There are certain thresholds which allow shareholders to have rights, with 5% offering the opportunity to propose a resolution, to require an independent report in the case of quoted companies, the power to require companies to publish audit concerns, again in quoted companies, and also the power to include a matter that should be considered at AGM. When the required percent of the shareholders join forces, the power becomes much more threatening to the management team, as this is the requisite amount required a specific resolution. For example, at 75%, the shareholders can require a special resolution to be passed. The regime associated with proxies can play a very important role when it comes to shareholder activism with the 2006 Act making changes as to the way in which proxies can operate, allowing the property to be much more effective. For example, members have an absolute right to appoint a proxy who can attend a meeting and vote on their behalf. Another key area of shareholder activism emerged from the ability to use corporate representation, rather than using a proxy, as this allows shareholders a much greater degree of practical flexibility when they are unable to comply with proxy deadlines, or some other form of formality. Corporate shareholders are also able to appoint representatives by virtue of their own board resolution. Finally, it is worth noting that shareholders’ rights can be utilised by indirect investors. For example, under the 2006 Act, it is possible for the beneficial shareholders holding shares to enjoy information rights, i.e. to obtain information in relation to the company and in many cases the beneficial shareholders can count towards reaching the 5% thresholds. Although this goes beyond the scope of the discussion here, it is worth noting that these beneficial shareholders can have a direct impact on any agenda for shareholder activism.Examples of Shareholder ActivismIn order to gain an understanding of just how effective these legal provisions can be, the situation in Tesco can be looked at. In 2007, the poverty charity â€Å"War on Want† used the fact that it held a 5% shareholding in order to present a resolution at the 2007 AGM, with a view to ensuring a better deal for suppliers, in particular across Asia. The matter did not rest there and in June 2008 Tesco was tar geted once again by a group of shareholders who were headed by an individual high- profile shareholder, to look at the living conditions of chickens, prior to their purchase by Tesco for sale. The shareholders in both these cases used section 338 of the Companies Act 2006, in order to demand resolutions relating to their individual issues. Once this resolution had been demanded, the company was required to circulate information relating to the resolution, as well as any supporting statements (Aguilera, 2005). This type of shareholder activism was seen to be successful in these individual cases and provided a real forum for the shareholders with a relatively minimal percentage to change the strategy and activities of the organisation itself. Tesco is not alone in facing these types of issues and many other large companies have also faced action from minimal shareholders, relating to specific issues such as wages for staff or supplier issues. This shows a clear indication of the willingness of shareholders to become much more active in putting their points forward and being willing to take on corporations by forcing resolutions to be placed and information to be provided to the broader shareholding (Hendry et al 2007).Analysis and ConclusionsThe question presented here is to consider whether or not shareholder activism can truly have an impact on organisations, when it comes to encouraging changes and improving corporate social responsibility within the organisation. By looking at the history of shareholder activism and the way in which shareholders are becoming much more willing to engage in the operation of the company, as well as examining the provisions of the 2006 Act which provide shareholders with the ability to un dertake these activities, it is argued here that shareholder activism is a growing and real threat to management teams of all sizes. In particular, the 2006 Act offers a considerable opportunity for shareholders to demand information and to have certain items discussed at the AGM. By merely providing this platform for discussion, shareholders can become more active in order to ensure their ultimate agenda is not pursued. By looking at this and using a company such as Tesco as an example, it can be seen that groups of shareholders are gaining real attention and are able to have a direct and dramatic impact on the decisions made by the management teams, particularly when faced with the ultimate sanction that shareholders can request the removal of those directors who fails to comply (Gillan and Starks, 2000). It is concluded here, therefore, that shareholder activism is a real and direct method whereby shareholder groups can encourage changes in the strategy of the organisation relating to both corporate, social responsibility and any other relevant issues. References Aguilera, R.V. (2005) ‘Corporate governance and director accountability: An institutional comparative perspective’ British Journal of Management, 16: S39–S53. Bainbridge, S. M. (1995) The politics of corporate governance, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 18 (3), pp. 671-735. Belloc, M. and Pagano, U. (2009) Co-evolution of politics and corporate governance, International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 29 (2), pp. 106-114. Filatotchev, I., Jackson, G., Gospel, H., and Allcock, D. (2006) Key Drivers of ‘Good’ Corporate Governance and the Appropriateness of UK Policy Responses The Department of Trade and Industry and King’s College London. Gillan, S.L. and Starks, L.T (2000) ‘Corporate governance proposals and shareholder activism: The role of institutional investors’ Journal of Financial Economics, 57 (2): 275- 305. Hendry, J., Sanderson, P., Barker, R. and Roberts, J. (2007) ‘Responsible ownership, shareholder value and the new shareholder activism’ Competition & Change,11 (3): 223-240. Roe, M.J. (2003) Political Determinants of Corporate Governance: Political Context, Corporate Impact Oxford University Press. Schacht, K.N. (1995) ‘Institutional investors and shareholder activism: Dealing with demanding shareholders’ Directorship, 21 (5): 8-12. Tarrow, S. (1994) Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Politics in Marens, R. (2002) ‘Inventing corporate governance: The mid-century emergence of shareholder activism’ Journal of Business & Management, 8 (4): 365. Warneryd, K. (2005) Special issue on the politics of corporate governance: Introduction, Economics of Governance, Vol. 6 (2), pp. 91-92.

Concepts Answers

What is database? Q & Answers A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. 2. What is DBMS? It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications. 3. What is a Database system?The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system. 4. Advantages of DBMS? Redundancy is controlled. Unauthorised access is restricted. Providing multiple user interfaces. Enforcing integrity constraints. Providing backup and recovery. 5. Disadvantage in File Processing System? Data redundancy & inconsistency. Difficult in accessing data. Data isolation. Data integrity. Concurrent access is not possible. Security Problems. 6. Describe the three le vels of data abstraction? The are three levels of abstraction: Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database nd what relationship among those data. View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database. 7. Define the â€Å"integrity rules† There are two Integrity rules. Entity Integrity: States that â€Å"Primary key cannot have NULL value† Referential Integrity: States that â€Å"Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation. 8. What is extension and intension? Extension – It is the number ot tuples present in a table at any instance.This is time dependent. Intension – It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid n it. 9. What is System R? What are its two major subsystems? System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system. Its two subsystems are Research Storage System Relational Data System. 0. How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure? Unlike Relational systems in System R Domains are not supported Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional Enforcement of entity integrity is optional Referential integrity is not enforced 11. What is Data Independence? Data independence means that â€Å"the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data†. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.Two types of Data Independence: Physical Data Independen ce: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level. Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level. NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve 12. What is a view? How it is related to data independence? A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence. 3. What is Data Model? A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantic cs and constraints. 14. What is E-R model? This data model is based on real world that consists of b asic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set ot attributes. 15. What is Object Oriented model? This model is based on collection of objects.An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain ame types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes. 16. What is an Entity? It is a ‘thing' in the real world with an independent existence. 17. What is an Entity type? It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes. 18. What is an Entity set? It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database. 19. What is an Extension of entity type?The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set. 20. What is Weak Entity set? An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary ey compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set. 21 . What is an attribute? It is a particular property, which describes the entity. 22. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation? A relation Schema denoted by R(AI, A2, †¦ , An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples.Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (tl, t2, t3, tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=(v1,v2, vn). 23. What is degree of a Relation? It is the number of attribute of its relation schema. 24. What is Relationship? It is an association among two or more entities. 25. What is Relationship set? The collection (or set) of similar relationships. 26. What is Relationship type? Relationship type detlnes a set ot associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types. 27. What is degree of Relationship type ? It is the number of entity type participating. Concepts Answers Marginal revenue is the additional revenue that a firm obtains by selling one more unit. Marginal cost is the cost of hiring one more unit of labor or the cost of producing one more unit of output. Marginal revenue product is the additional revenue we obtain by hiring one more unit of labor. When we incur a marginal cost our hope it that is will generate marginal revenue product which exceeds the cost. Hence the marginal revenue will exceed our marginal cost. 4. Distinguish between economic and financial capital.Economic capital resources include all items that man manufactures by combining natural and unman resources like buildings, equipment, roads, and bridges. Financial capital is a dollar value claim on economic capital. Financial capital would include cash, deeds of trust, mortgages, loan papers, stocks, and bonds. 5. Discuss the value of the entrepreneur. What distinguishes the entrepreneur from the labor resource? Why are entrepreneurs unique? Entrepreneurial resources consis t of the ideas of individuals, who assume risk and begin business enterprises.The entrepreneur combines natural, human, and capital resources to produce a good or service that we value more than the individual components. Without the entrepreneur, the other resources would not normally be combined, except for subsistence (I . E. , the resources that are just sufficient to sustain life). The entrepreneur seeks to make a profit when using his ideas. When we look at overall payments, the mental talents of people in the form of the entrepreneur normally exceed the wages that are paid for labor. The owner of a professional sports team, the entrepreneur, will normally make more than any player on that team.Of course, the more brilliant the idea and its ultimate appeal to the buyer of the good or service, he more profit that will accrue to the entrepreneur. 6. What is opportunity cost? An opportunity cost is the highest value that is surrendered when a decision is made; it is never the dec ision, which is made. It is a quantifiable term. 7. What makes up gross income? All of the money received from all sources during the year. This includes wages, tips, interest earned on savings and bonds, income from rental property, profits to entrepreneurs, and any other source of income an individual may have. 8.Compare progressive, regressive, and proportional taxes. Give at least one example of each type of ax. Progressive taxes are taxes that take a larger percentage of your income as your income increases. Regressive taxes are taxes that take a higher percentage of your income as your income decreases. Proportional taxes are taxes where the percentage paid stays the same, regardless of income. Examples include progressive income taxes, regressive sales taxes, and proportional property taxes. 9. What is the law of supply? The law of supply states that as the payment or price of an item increases, coteries Paramus, we will supply more of that item. 0. What is a supply table? Ho w do you obtain supply curve from a supply table? A supply table is a listing of the quantities of some variable, which will be supplied at various prices in the market place. The supply curve is obtained by horizontally summing the quantities supplied by different suppliers at each price in the market. 11. What is the law of demand? The Law of Demand states that if all other factors are constant, as the price for an item decreases, people will demand more of that item, coteries Paramus. 12. Explain the concept of a surplus of money versus a shortage of money.When the supply of money saved exceeds the demand for money, here is a surplus of money; then institutions (banks, credit unions, savings and loans, etc. ) will pay less for savings, and interest rates will begin to fall. When the demand for money exceeds the supply, there is a shortage of money and interest rates will be bid up in the market as institutions attempt to obtain more money. 13. What is the Federal Reserve? What ar e the Feud's three tools for controlling the money supply? The Federal Reserve is the Central Bank of the United States.The three tools for controlling the money supply are the discount rate, the reserve requirements ratio, and federal open market operations. 4. What is risk? What is the difference between systematic and unsystematic risk? Risk involves the probability that the actual return on an investment will be different from the desired return. Systematic risk is that risk which is associated with economic, political, and sociological changes that affect all participants on a near equal basis. Unsystematic risk is that risk that is unique to an individual, firm, or industry. EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS 1.Carry Yogi's Lounge consists of the following. Carry, the owner believed that people would come to hear a band play on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening. During the remainder of the week, she believed her customers would watch sporting events on several television sets located t hroughout the lounge. Carry employed two bartenders, three servers, two assistant servers, two cooks, one dishwasher and a clean-up person. She had a bar, 15 barstools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television Sets, and one satellite dish. She had an oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware.Carry started this business with $50,000 of her own money, and she borrowed $1 50,000 from the bank. From this description, list each of the scarce resources that are used in Carry Yogi's Lounge. Entrepreneurial resource: Carry Yoke. Labor resources: 2 bartenders, 3 servers, 2 assistant servers, 2 cooks, 1 dishwasher, and a clean-up person. Economic capital resources: 1 bar, 15 bar stools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, one satellite dish, oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware. Financial capital resources: $50,000 of her own money and $1 50,000 from the bank. . Joe Fixity has an appliance repair business. He has more business than he can handle and wants to hire another repair person. Joe estimates that three appliances can be repaired each hour by a qualified person. Joe bills out labor at $45 per hour, but he stipulates that the minimum charge for appliance repair estimates is $30 plus parts. What is the marginal revenue product of a qualified repair person? 3 appliance repairs per hour times $30 = $90 marginal revenue product. What is the maximum hourly wage that he would pay an employee?Therefore, since we bring in an additional $90 per hour by hiring one more repair person, the maximum wage we would pay is $90. 3. Sam Smith is currently employed as a mechanical engineer and is paid $65,000 per year plus benefits that are equal to 30% of his salary. Sam wants to begin a consulting rim and decides to leave his current job. After his first year in business, Cam's accountant informed him that he had made $45,000 with his consulting business. Sam also notices that he paid $6,000 for a health insurance policy, which was his to tal benefit during his first year.What was Cam's opportunity cost? Sam gave up $65,000 in salary plus $19,500 in benefits roar total of $84,500. 4. Sara Lee just graduated from college with a degree in accounting. She had five job offers: Bean counters CPA, $35,000; Assets R us, $27,000; The Debit store, $30,000; J & G's Spa's, $33,000; and The Double Entry Shop, $40,000. What was her opportunity cost if she accepted the job with The Double Entry Shop? Sara gave up Bean counters CPA at $35,000 which was the highest value surrendered. 5. Sam Club earned $50,000 and paid taxes of $10,000.Samaritan Heart earned $60,000 and paid taxes of $12,000. If these taxes were paid to the same government agency, is the tax on income progressive, regressive, or proportional? Why did you reach this conclusion? As show below these taxes are proportional because they both paid the same percentage of their income in taxes. 6. You read an article in this mornings paper that stated inflation was accelera ting and would reach six percent this year. If the FED believes this statement and it has set a goal of three percent inflation, what will it likely do at the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee?They would most likely raise the discount rate, the federal funds rate, or both. They could also sell more government securities to decrease the money supply. 7. A friend came into your office and said that his bank was out to kill small businesses. You asked him what he meant by this remark, and he said that he read an article that said his bank had just loaned $10 million to a major automobile manufacturer at a rate of 3 percent, which is less than prime. But your friend just borrowed $50,000 from the same bank and they charged him prime plus four percent, or 7. Percent. Your friend has been in business for two years, and last year he had a loss of $2,000. How can you explain this difference in interest rate to your friend? The bank charges interest based upon risk The probab ility of the automobile manufacturer defaulting on the loan is very remote; therefore, they get a favorable interest rate from the bank. Since your friend lost money last year and since over 40 percent of all mall businesses fail in the first five years, the bank's risk is much higher and therefore they will charge a higher interest rate.