George Meredith - Comedy Essays - Humour, Laughter, Comedy, Lie

George Meredith - Comedy ?The true test of Comedy is that it shall awaken thoughtful laughter.? George Meredith Comedy has been a very popular form of entertainment in our society since hundreds of years. It lets us separate out minds form the hectic world and brings happiness to our lives. Comedy can be expressed in many different ways such as satire, slapstick, jokes, parodies, observational comedy, and sarcasm. Both Liar Liar and Blue Streak are good examples because they have a good balance of tactics the author uses to entertain his or her audience. Furthermore, comedy can be broken down in two main groups. In some types of comedic situations we laugh naturally without thinking about the situations, on the other hand, in other situations we laugh after giving some thought to what is happening. I agree with George Meredith's statement regarding comedy because thoughtful laughter stays with us for a longer period of time and we can relater this type of comedy to our daily life. Slapsticks, that is to say, a type of physical comedy characterized by broad humor, and absurd situations usually violent actions became popular in the early 1900's but the The Three Stoges and Charlie Chaplain. Both Jim Carey and Martin Lawrence have also made their name in the world of comedy by performing slapsticks. This form of comedy does not result in thoughtful laughter. In fact, this is the perfect example of comedy which instinctively makes us laugh at what otherwise might make us cry. In the movie Liar Liar, Fletcher Reede brutally tortures himself in order to get excused from the courtroom. In other words, he has to beat himself up in order to make a living. Without giving any thought to what is really happening in Fletcher's live we laugh. In real life, a similar situation might make us very sad for Fletcher. This form of comedy is a great entertainment but be it is very short lived and does not stay with us. This is because we can not relate slapsticks with our daily lives. In Blue Streak, when Miles Logan dresses us as a pizza deliveryman, so he can get into the homicide floor of the NYPD building the audience experiences a form of laughter, which may be characterized as ?un-thoughtful?. This is the result of comedy that does not trigger the audience's imagination nor does it let the audience put him or herself in the same situation as the character. At this point we are laughing at the character instead of at ourselves by looking at what the character is doing in the movie. This is also a reason why George Meredith distinguished between a good and a bad comedy by looking for thoughtful laughter. In both these comedies we encounter some great examples of true comedy. There are situations in these movies that can be incorporated with our daily lives. In Blue Streak, Miles Logan is put in a very tough situation, his life is ruined when he goes to jail but he leaves behind a precious diamond. This form of comedy is very humorous to us because we are not laughing at the actions the character makes, we are laughing at ourselves. In our minds we think about what would happen if we were put in a similar situation. This is the definition of thoughtful laughter and just as Mr. Meredith mentioned this is also the true test of comedy. This causes the audience to think and even lets the audience's imagination carry out the rest of the way. Fletcher Reede in the movie Liar Liar is having a very hard time with the handicap he has to live through. He is not able to lie for just one day, and this can damage his social life, his career, his friends and also his relationship with his wife. A good way to tell if a comedy will trigger your imagination and make you look at the situation from the character's point of view is when you are laughing while, at the same time feel a little sad for the character. This is evidence of a good comedy because the author is entertaining you; he or she is making you laugh at something

Eileen Collins essays

Eileen Collins essays A hydrogen fuel leak, which could have caused an engine shutdown, costly delays on the launching pad, and a year of technical difficulties didnt stop the successful launch of the $1.5 billion Chandra X-Ray Observatory on the Space Shuttle Columbia. Nor did it stop Eileen Collins, 42, from becoming NASAs first female commander ever after 95 missions. Collins, who has logged over 5,000 hours of airtime in thirty types of aircraft and 537 of those hours in space, served as pilot in her last two missions in 1995 and 1997, and felt well prepared to handle anything. So, when a short circuit occurred, as Commander, Collins braced for every possible emergency, even landing in Africa, something that has never before been attempted. The circuit cut the main computers for two of the main engines, but backups quickly responded. In 1995 Collins was a member of operation Spacehab, the first flight of the Russian-American Space Program, which included the deployment and retrieval of a satellite and a space walk. The 3.8 million mile 1997 mission on Atlantis was NASAs sixth rendezvous and docking with the Mir Space Station. Her most recent mission this July on Columbia, deployed the heaviest payload ever launched on the shuttle, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The observatory will gather information from X-rays of gaseous clouds so vast that it takes light more than five million years to go from one side to the other. Although nothing can escape the gravity of a black hole, the observatory is able to study particles up the last millisecond before they are sucked inside. In addition, it can travel to heights over 200 times those of the Hubble Space Telescope, or about one-third the distance to the Moon. Sally Ride, Americas first woman in space, called both to congratulate Collins, and to warn her about the hoopla and media hype that surrounds breakthroughs in the gender barrier. Ride recalled r...

Heather MacDonald's Hispanic Family Values Essay

Heather MacDonald's Hispanic Family Values - Essay Example Social workers and government policies are at a great quandary on how to deal with such a problem and various solutions and proposals had been put forward but it seems to no avail. This paper is a short discussion of the so-called â€Å"Hispanic problem† and the Latinization of America. Discussion Heather MacDonald's rather lengthy article delves on the growing Hispanic class of unwed mothers living in America today. The article â€Å"Hispanic Family Values?† questions the assumptions inherent in the Spanish-American society in which being a single parent has been considered as culturally acceptable but this has serious implications for American society as a whole because the Spanish-descent population of America is the fastest-growing segment and this has a profound impact on American society today and in the foreseeable future. To help in her arguments, MacDonald relied greatly on the appeal of logos (logical based on knowledge) rather than on the other two appeals in an argument, which are the ethos (ethical) and pathos (emotional). Along this line, she cited a lot of facts and figures derived from statistical studies. The structure of the essay is being expository by using strong and clear claims about the serious implications of a large population sub-segment that is unwed, reliant on the social welfare services and finds nothing objectionable to having unwed mothers, often very young. There is strong evidence for her claims and it is therefore hard to argue against these claims. A large portion of her essay was devoted to citing incontrovertible evidence using statistics and a host of anecdotes and vignettes regarding actual lives of its study subjects. Any person who had read this article would come out fairly convinced of her point of view regarding the social crisis facing Hispanic society in America today based on warrants that are essentially valid. A lot of supposedly â€Å"Hispanic family values† had instead worked against this immigrant section of the population like having a tight-knit family conducive to raising a kid without a father. A case in point is the citation regarding how fast the Spanish-American population is growing compared to other ethnic groups in America. A high birth rate (female fertility) that is coupled with an accepting and tolerant culture towards having illegitimate children had been a great contributory factor to the main social problem. The author cited these alarming statistics to show the extent of the problem: â€Å"The rate of childbirth for Mexican teenagers, who come as from by far the largest and fastest-growing immigrant population, greatly outstrips every other group. The Mexican teen birthrate is 93 births per every 1,000 girls, compared with 27 births for every 1,000 white girls, 17 births for every 1,000 Asian girls, and 65 births for every 1,000 black girls. To put these numbers into international perspective, Japan’s teen birthrate is 3.9, Italy’s i s 6.9, and France’s is 10. Even though the outsize U.S. teen birthrate is dropping, it continues to inflict unnecessary costs on the country. . .† and although the author maybe did not want to sound alarmist, the dimensions of the problem boggles the mind. Many of Spanish grandmothers are single and never wed, so their daughters never got married

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 19

Homework - Essay Example a states that under some circumstances like writing formal letters, school work or letters to an individual’s boss or teacher need to be written without taking a shortcut. This is because people like bosses or teachers should be impressed. She states, â€Å"Your webbish ways can sometimes make you look dumb† (Brockenbrough, 150). Furthermore, Martha gives an example of a competitor in the Olympic who wears a swimsuit and it is okay while the same man can not wear a swimsuit at a public mall and fail to be arrested by the police, since it is awkward. On the other hand, Martha argues that shorthand is acceptable in some places because lack of shorthand makes an individual look out of place. Places that shorthand is acceptable include chat rooms, internet and instant messaging. Martha says â€Å" †¦you run the risk of sounding hopelessly out of touch if you are in a chat room or using instant messaging software and you do not shorten things here and there† (Brockenbrough, 149). This further evidenced by the example of an individual hailing a taxi in full since the word ‘taxi’ is a short form taximeter cabriolet. â€Å"My guess is that anyone who does that will not catch anything more than puzzled looks† (Brockenbrough, 149) states Martha. Conclusively, shorthand is acceptable as it is unacceptable, it depends with the context. When writing on the internet and chat rooms, it is acceptable. Conversely, when writing to a teacher or a boss it is

Design Thinking Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Design Thinking - Thesis Example But the designer bubble burst during the 50s and 60s when designers began to be looked upon as tools of capitalist society till they redefined their role in the 70s as developers of culture and lifestyle. Today: "The word "design" has a lot of different meanings when people think of design they think of an artefact that's been designed well such as a chair, a car or a building. Or they thin1k of design as style or fashionThe term "design thinking" has gained popularity because it makes it easier for those outside the design industry to focus the idea of design as a way of thinking about solving problems, a way of creating strategy by experiencing it rather than keeping it an intellectual exercise, and a way of creating and capturing value"2 Design consultant Linda Naiman states that, "The revolution taking place in design - as it emerges from its traditional role of serving commerce - to a role of leading, shaping and directing the way we live and work, presents tremendous opportunities" For the purpose of this paper we will focus on the definition, "Design is the thought process comprising the creation of an entity," Archer too saw design as a complex and shared rational logical sequential activity that would solve problems and bring innovation and change. Today designing is a skill required by architects, fashion designers, urban architects, products and industrial design, engineers, landscape designers, the automobile industry and interior decorators. But the culture of design has been with us from the stone age when man first began to create tools to shape and control his environment but these primary inventions happened in a disorganized and an unplanned way. Designer thinking today by contrast blends aesthetics as well as ergonomics to improve our lifestyle and develop culture. The great architect and designer Charles Eames, Lawson states, " the culture of design was greater then the creation of a new chair. It was part of a much bigger socio-cultural process of 'adding valuethrough an injection of creative individualism that distinguished designer goods' frommass production." 3 And so Nike and Yves Sainte Loraine were born as virtual personality cults of Design Culture.2 Since designers redefined their role as the developers of culture they had a wide scope since, "culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society it encompassesart literature, lifestylesvalue systems traditions and beliefs." 43Today from being just architects or product refiners and innovators, designers are the definers of good taste, better lifestyles and efficiency in diverse fields, all of which embrace the designer culture that was vigorously promoted by advertising companies as a key international marketing strategy in

Role Modelling And Mentoring In Clinical Environment

Role Modelling And Mentoring In Clinical Environment This assignment is a reflective, analytical evaluation of role modelling in relation to my clinical learning environment. The relationship of this issue to my clinical learning environment will be clearly justified; focusing on current status, my role and future developments within this chosen area. Giving constructive feedback in relation to my performance as an assessor will also be critically analysed and reflected upon, thus demonstrating how its aspects have contributed to my personal growth and development. Issues of context, consent and confidentiality will be made explicit within the text of the essay and the key points of this assignment will be summed up in the conclusion. This assignment is written in the first person as stated by Hamill (1999) that such a stance to avoid using I, we or our often results in the tortuous and repetitive use of the author, the writer or the present author, when students are actually referring to themselves. Webb (1992) rhetorically asks Who, if not I is writing these words? I am a staff nurse currently working in a surgical ear, nose, throat and maxillo facial ward based in a London NHS Trust, whose thirty five patient capacity consists of a fair number being major operations and long stay patients. Whilst undertaking this course I was required to keep a logbook or record of my involvement in assessment in order to facilitate reflection. Reflective practice is a mode that integrates or links thought and action with reflection. It involves thinking about and critically analysing ones actions with the goal of improving ones professional practice. Engaging in reflective practice requires individuals to assume the perspective of an external observer in order to identify the assumptions and feelings underlying their practice and then to speculate about how these assumptions and feelings affect practice (Hancock 1998). Many practice-based professions, including nursing, traditionally rely on clinical staff to support, supervise and teach students in practice settings. The underlying rationale is that by working alongside practitioners students will learn from experts in a safe, supportive and educationally adjusted environment (Andrews and Wallis 1999). Mentoring must be cultivated beyond the role of supervised instruction. A therapeutic environment must be created for the student or novice nurse that fosters growth, self-esteem and critical thinking. A personal connection is essential between the new hire and the environment to provide the student with the caring and encouragement that all humans need to succeed (Whittman-Price 2003). The rationale for choosing role modelling in relation to my clinical learning environment is that it is one of the most powerful methods in which learning occurs in the clinical setting because of its affective inspirational overtones when observers interpret the behaviours of role models based on their own past experiences and personal objectives (Davies 1993). Guidelines were produced to meet the NMC (2002) Advisory Standards, which detail the role and function of the mentor and mentorship, summarised as follows: Ø Effective communication with students and others in order to assist students to integrate into the practice setting. Ø Facilitation of learning in keeping with the requirements of the students curriculum. Ø The creation and development of learning opportunities that will integrate theory and practice. Ø Effective management of the process of continuous assessment of practice Ø Demonstration through role modelling, the ability to sustain good work relationships, manage change processes, implement quality assurance and use disseminate research. Bidwell (1999) defined role modelling as a process through which persons take on the values and behaviours of another through identification. Unlike the deliberative long-term process of mentoring or a brief demonstration, role modelling can occur with brief or long-term contact. Role modelling may be inspired by the performances modelled by another, but where they may be no deliberate attempt to mould behaviours (Reuler and Nardone 1994). Role modelling is an essential tool in demonstrating effective relationships with patients and clients, contributing to the development of an environment in which effective evidence based practice is fostered, implemented, evaluated and disseminated and assessing and managing clinical development to ensure safe and effective care (NMC 2002). Evidence based practice is a shift in the culture of healthcare provision away from basing decisions on opinion, past practice and precedent, toward making more use of research and evidence to guide clinical decision-making. This rigid view of evidence based practice, is one that emphasises clearly the role of research in underpinning practice (Appleby et al 1995). Role models may demonstrate negative and or positive behaviours. Students may be easily be influenced by role models because they lack self-esteem, confidence or are dependent. Positive role models are open, constructive, accessible, responsive to the needs of others, easy to trust, comfortable with themselves and their abilities and command mutual respect. Disabling strategies include being inaccessible, throwing people into new roles sink or swim, refusing requests, over supervising and destroying by dumping or openly criticising (Hinchcliff 2001). Role modelling also lends itself initially to developing more complex behaviours than does demonstration. Role modelling incorporates knowledge gained through observation of clinical role models and emphasises the artistic rather than the scientific aspects of practice. Thus, what is done and how it is done are stressed rather than the theoretical underpinnings of the action (Davies 1993). However, as skills of the student increase, cognition assumes greater importance and explanation and discussion become as important as the demonstration of behaviour. These characteristics of role modelling are especially compelling for new students learning complex practice in a new setting or new practice in the same setting. While role modelling as described above can be a generalised phenomenon that is always in direct control of the one who models behaviour, its potential use in a planned effort for change as recommended by Wiseman (1994) is particularly useful. He emphasised the four-stage process of Banduras Social Learning Theory in modelling behaviours where the observer sees and is attentive to the behaviours that increase the likelihood of retaining that information. These behaviours in observers are developed through practice and through the development of a symbolic coding system of the behaviours that often uses a verbal response to the action. Therefore, according to both Wiseman (1994) and Lynn (1995), discriminate observation and repeated presentations or rewards in the work setting are necessary before full learning of complex behaviours will occur. Chesla (1997) emphasised that direct supervision was more effective than a retrospective analysis in increasing learning. Another application of role modelling is demonstrated in the modelling practice theory developed by Erickson et al (1983). According to these authors, by using their skills in communication, nurses develop an image of the clients situation from the clients perspective. Understanding the clients world within the context of scientific knowledge permits the nurse to plan interventions in conjunction with the clients, which are then role modelled by the nurse. According to Kinney and Erickson (1990), the role-modelling concept as used here is the essence of nurturance in that one accepts patients as they are while encouraging and facilitating their growth. Using this framework in developing patient sensitive care, the expert clinician would assess the patients needs, determine the necessary interactions between the student and the patient, recognise the students abilities and knowledge, and then work with the student and the patient to institute patient centred care. Despite its obvious strengths, role modelling has been criticised as a passive activity that in itself is inadequate for the learning of multi faceted or situationally complex nursing activities (Ricer 1995). In contrast, however Davies (1993) claims that it goes beyond imitation as it involves many behavioural and affective linkages. Nevertheless there is a growing support for the need to add other elements to role modelling to make it most effective. Goldstein (1973) suggested there were several deficits in role modelling alone if one were interested in changing attitudes and recommended a method of applied learning which was essentially role modelling and social reinforcement. In an experimental study of skill development, Hollandsworth (1997) also advocated directed feedback and found role-modelling, role-playing and discussion was superior to any one method used independently. Others have found that debriefing sessions in which students were encouraged to reflect on their practice increased retention of information (Davies 1996). Moreover, according to Clarke (1996) understanding the reasons for an action was important as knowledge of the philosophy behind the action. In accordance with this view, it follows that some knowledge of the phenomenon of nurse/ patient interaction may be an essential underlying theory for learning family care. In order to be a positive, effective role model in my clinical area I became more self aware and tried to only model behaviour that I would want others to adopt. In order to maintain high professional standards attending various study days and workshops not only improved my clinical skills, but also offered me the clinical and educational support necessary to increase confidence, accountability, competence, reflection and safe practice. Positive role models influence students more if they are seen to have status, power and prestige (Quinn 2000). It is essential that all nurses are aware of recommended practice because undertaking practices which are not evidence based is not in accordance with the Scope of Professional Practice (NMC 2002). Through observation and discussion, students are able to develop clinical skills, interactions with clients, professional attitudes, problem solving and prioritising strategies. I am more empowered and hope to be able to educate fellow staff, stude nts, patients and relatives. Once a skill has been learnt it does not mean that it cannot be improved or changed and I have learned not to become complacent. My future goals are to review my knowledge, while continuing to increase it along with new procedures and continuing professional development. The student that I assessed was told of the purpose and nature of the assessment and their verbal consent was obtained. I assured the student that the logbook would be a record of my own experience of assessing and not the details or capabilities of the student being assessed. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the assessment and the writing of this assignment in accordance with the NMC Code of Conduct (2002). Giving feedback is a verbal or non-verbal process through which an individual lets others know their perceptions and feelings about their behaviour (Black 2000). It is a very important interpersonal skill that effects change through influences and motivation. Students are encouraged to be independent learners in my clinical area and to define their learning opportunities in collaboration with their allocated mentor. Before offering feedback I considered barriers that could affect the intent of my message and worked out strategies to get round them. I ensured that the student I was assessing had set realistic goals and clear learning objectives and I also encouraged her to question me on things she did not understand. If no clear parameters have been set, negative feedback will come as a shock (Bartlett 2001). The mentor should provide formative evaluation and feedback to assist the students to achieve their learning goals and demonstrate competence. If feedback is an integral part of the organisational culture, and if feedback is routinely given as small corrections and acknowledgement of good work, then there is much less chance of a negative reaction. Feedback is a return flow of ideas and opinions as the students are doing a job. Students need feedback on their clinical practice so that they can improve on their level of performance. Feedback can be seen as criticism and hence good communication skills are very important. Appropriate feedback can provide important information to students about the level of their performance. It can help them to rate their clinical practice in a realistic way. It can also help them to be more self-regulated. Feedback should be completed soon after the event, before the student or the teacher forgot the details of the event. This can provide the stimulus for further learning. Some may react to feedback with excuses instead of listening and thinking about it. Greenwood (1993) argues that the feedback will enhance student learning when it provides further information to correct or modify action through the construction and activation of a more appropriate subroutines. With this information, the student should be able to move to a deeper level of understanding. Certain characteristics of feedback will promote constructive interaction between the student and the teacher and lead the student to address weaknesses in their performance and make changes to improve. Feedback should be focused on behaviour rather than the person, and on observations or descriptions rather than inferences or judgements. The amount of information given to the student must be what the student can use, rather than the amount the teacher may wish to give. A feedback sandwich starting and ending with a positive statement with a negative statement in between approach should be used. Positive feedback reinforces knowledge and motivates people (Twinn and Davies 1996). Feedback should always be focused on behaviour that the student can do something about. Confidentiality and privacy must be respected when giving feedback; when giving negative feedback, it must be in an honest and sensitive manner and alternative behaviours should be suggested. It is always best to check that the student has understood the feedback. Milde demonstrated that visual and verbal feedback together is most effective. Demonstration of specific techniques and good communication skills through role modelling and reflective practice by practitioners is suggested as one effective approach to integrate learning within various clinical learning environment. Feedback had the ability to enhance my performance and make me feel confident and competent in my role, especially when the feedback was immediate. It allowed for reflection in practice and offered me the opportunity to meet the NMCs guidelines of reflective practice. I have developed skills in giving and receiving feedback and am able to determine whether the feedback is evaluative, judgemental or helpful. I am now constantly soliciting feedback as it enables me to gain other peoples perceptions and feelings about my behaviour. I accept it positively for consideration rather than dismissively for self-protection, which in turn helps me to be more responsible for my behaviour and consequences. In conclusion, mentorship is about a partnership approach to learning by the student and mentor. The mentor and the student need to be aware of the competency level and learning outcomes, and each others responsibility in achieving these. The mentor is there to facilitate and assist the student in achieving learning outcomes in a variety of ways appropriate to the learning environment. The partnership between the mentor and the student is also based on effective communication and effective feedback on progress, development and performance both positive and constructive on achievements and progress made. It is also through this partnership approach that students and mentors acknowledge each others role: the mentor is not only that students mentor, he or she is also an accountable and responsible nurse, patient advocate, member of the multidisciplinary team and he or she might be mentoring other students as well. In my role as qualified staff nurse I am able to appreciate the hard wor k and dedication of mentors in preparing students to become registered practitioners.

scarlet letter :: essays research papers

Since the conception of humanity, man has been fascinated with that presence which illuminates, yet cannot be touched. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses light as a tool of God that illuminates and exposes the darkness of human iniquity not only to one’s elf but to others as well. As the symbolism is quickly unfolded in chapter seven, Governor Bellingham’s home is seen through Hester’s eyes and light is reflected by almost every object in his extravagant dwelling, "though partly muffled by a curtain, it was more powerfully illuminated by one of those embowed hall windows..." . this can be seen symbolically, the brilliant sunlight streaming though the immense window, cutting through the veneer of the Governor's mock purity. Bellingham, the very person that passed judgment on Hester and her sin is seen, illuminated by the sunshine, as a malevolent man wallowing in his own stagnant riches. Here, light shows Governor Bellingham to be corrupt due to his un-puritan-like lifestyle. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne defines light not only as a presence, but as an animate being. Still acting as a tool of God, light seems to run away from Hester when she tries to touch it. Pearl, in her enigmatic perceptiveness, says to Hester, â€Å"The sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom.† Although Pearl makes this comment concerning the scarlet "A", this implies that the sunlight is actually afraid of Hester's sin, and not the scarlet "A". In this case, light is used to remind Hester of her sin and to bring it to the front of her mind as punishment for her adultery. Not only does light show Hester's sin to herself, it shows her sin to others as well. Near the end of the story, Mistress Hibbins speaks with Hester, "I know thee, Hester; for I behold the token. We may all see it in the sunshine; and it glows like a red flame in the dark." By shining on the explicit reminder of Hester's sin, the sunlight screams to others of the scarlet letter's intangible counterpart: her immorality.

Product Complexity Defination

Product complexity definition What product â€Å"complexity† means to supply chain and the industry? It can be define differently based on the industry and the market. A lot people think complexity is the same meaning with complicacy or simplicity. Unfortunely, both of the definition is wrong because complexity is something that interacts among each other and sub divide it in all its single elements and lead to the solution of the problems. â€Å"Complexity makes a supply chain inflexible and inefficient,† Hoole writes. â€Å"It also hampers on time delivery and creates problems for product quality. From the manufacturing company stand point, it will cause complexity when the variety over the limit of the supply chain. For example, to serve the different types of logistics customer, better technologies to make the merchandise, the different types of the sales channel, handle different types of raw materials and components. Webster define complexity as 1a) the quality o r state being composed of two or more separate or analyzable items, parts, constituents, or symbol. 2a) having many varied parts, or elements, and consequently hard to understand. b) marked by involvement of many parts, aspects, and need earnest study or examination to understand it. Based on product design, it defines as proportional to the total number of design decision (Baldwin& Clark 2009). The number of functions designed into products (Griffin 1997a, 1997b), the numbers of components (Gupta&Krishnan 1999). Other than that, it defines as number of physical modules and by the degree of dependency (Kaski&Heikkila 2002). It also has three different definitions for the complex system like it is a system that mixes with the different parts in a complicated way and hard for the industry to understand. Flood &Carson 1988). According to Klir(1985), a system manifesting differentiation and connectively. Complexity is divided into 2 big categories multiplicity and relatedness into the p roducts. A lot of times, product complexity only call as ceteris paribus and it means a product contain more components or more interrelationship among it elements. Product complexity is defined as assessment about the number of components in a product. Industrial purchasing process can affect by a multitude of complexities induced by the nature of purchased products, the organizational structure and the influences of the external environment. Other than that, product complexity is directly link to the supply chain operation management. Because of this, Jacob literature defines the complexity supply chain by the number of parts and degree of unpredictability, represents by three facts: the number of components, extend of interactions, and degree of product novelty. Besides that, represent by the numbers of modules and markets, it also clear in the different types of the suppliers and their interaction. Because of this, Jacob define the product complexity as a design of multiplicity, relatedness to others, and product architecture elements. Multiplicity is a unique category and relatedness has three different types like similarity, complementary, and inter-connectedness. Complementary is for economic sense of a product like mp3 player and music player (Jacob). Similarity is merchandise that sharing the same components, provide the same functions, and same benefit role of the products to the market. Other than that, According to Ulrich’s (2005), inter-connectedness is a kind of connection of interface such as slot, and sectional typology. It also includes the logical and mechanical connection between two elements. For example, it modified of old products through the similarity of the components and the function of the products. (Jacob) Literature define Product portfolio complexity management as the combination of decisions, value systems, supporting process, and initiative pertaining to deciding and employing the most effective product portfolio like mix product types, feature sets, and components types. Product complexity has several levels in system theory according to Boulding and Simons (1956, 1962). In the literature, the levels of the products are product categories, the portfolio of a firm offering, and extend of the product components level. Based on Henderson literature, product complexity had 2 objectives of funding requirements (generating large amounts of cash and estimate long terms sales growth) and the risk mitigation. A lot of firms try to introduce the different types of products into the market to offset economic or political risk, as well as offer broader lines in the hope of increasing the opportunity of a product can become a runaway success. Mark) The other forces that like competitive positioning will cause a firm to offer more products. The impact of product complexity Product complexity will cause problem in supply chain process execution related to product supply, manufacture, innovation, delivery, and support. Product complexity play a main role of affirm operation, the impact of it are complexity management, inventory, and measure. Inventory is a very impo rtant force to tie the streams together into the complexity management like the reducing inventory level or cost, and also focus on improving inventory position. Based on Krishnan and Gupta (2001) literature, relatedness and multiplicity has the implicit relationship and they found out the benefit to increasing the use of the common platforms was the function of components costs. According to Hoole, we need to use the right metric to measures complexity and the leader need to focus more careful on product and component rationalization. After that, it can use the metric result to manage the number of components of a product more effectively than others. For instance, the unit costs of the components are standardized and not too high relative to alternative suitable components, the increasing of platform will beneficial. By doing this, the company has the advantageous on the cost effectively when they pursuing to the market segment because it increase the profit and decrease the complexity. A good combination of work cam emerged on the topic of modularity represent the increase of the complexity. It will enable scale economic (Pine, Victor & Boynton 1993), engineering efficiencies (Jacob), and improved coordination (Schilling 2000). All the benefits are shown analytically related to the cost components being standardized ( Fisher et al 1996). Modularity will have the importance impact on elements of competitive advantage according to the empirical research. Complexity wills increase cost and dominate the revenue benefit. (Lancaster, 1979; Moorthy, 1984). Product complexity affects the company economics of the transaction costs and the sourcing and design in operation management. There are 2 theoretical perspectives in the effect of product complexity into operations. Theory of performance frontiers (TPF) and transaction cost economics (TCE). Strategic on managing supply chain complexity One of the way to reducing the complexity problems is to follow lean production and Just In Times manufacturing ( Womack 1990) basically refer to the principle that â€Å"the leaner, the better. † According to the literature, a lots of the marketing managers, designers, and the engineers need to pay attention on the product innovation, mass customization, variety reduction program, value analysis, and modularization to managing the product complexity ( Perona 2004). According to the Perona literature, it has empirical evidences to show the ways to manage the complexity like the joint venture with the suppliers, product modularization, and information systems for production planning and control. The main issue is the supplier can help the company reduce complexity and improve company performance. Based on the information that collected from the companies show that the company has the stable relationship get the lower complexity score and the company with the short term relationship has the higher complexity and hard to manage. By investing in joint venture the suppliers can help companies saves times in managing commercial transactions, decrease defects rates in delivery merchandise, improve the transaction reliability, and reduce the effective stock reduction. The product reengineering has the most control on the products to link in between marketing and production; it will helps the them to cause miscommunication on the production process and improved their productions. Based on the transaction cost, company needs to decide either in house production or outsourcing of components. Some of the products are easy to outsourcing but it will cost a lot of production cost. Complexity always has the perspective the less complexity is always better because it focus on reduce the procurement cost from reducing unique parts. The numbers of components that required manufacturing products increase, the effort dedicated to ensuring conformance will increase. It will increase the cost to make the products. Another research mentions that production process link to the measures of research and development effectiveness. To ensure successful supply chain complexity management, the management team needs to set targets for both managing advantageous complexity and reducing disadvantageous complexity for the employee to follow and work on it to set the differentiation level. The other steps to manage supply chain complexity are to identify the different type of key complexity drivers. It can divide in 3 different categories like configuration and structure, products and services, and process and systems. Conclusion Some of the company likes complexity because it can increase their sales based on the product differentiation. Based on the sales return and cost, complexity can create the potential for the best level in product complexity portfolio. A lot of the company think that product complexity can help the company make different in the customer demand, the way on handle the supply chain and the relationship with supplier. Managing product complexity effectively can be daunting organizational task. Most if the times, the impact of the inventory of a company will reducing the safety stock to simplify the supply chain level based on the Degree of Commonality Index(DCI) increased. By doing this, it can help the company save money in the long term and reduce the transportation cost. If the company fail to handle the product and supply chain complexity will cause the company increased the cost and affect the quality of products in the lifecycle management. According to Hoole, it suggest the company to use the right metric to track complexity

The Origin of Samuel Clemens as Mark Twain

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Things Fall Apart by Chinua AchebeThings essays

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